Disease definitions Flashcards
Disease name
Pathophysiology
Type I Diabetes
Caracterized by a lack in production of insulin due to autoimmune B cell destruction. There is a immune imbalance with excessive th1/th17 + CD8 and lack of treg and foxp3 regulatory t cells. People with this have antigens to glutamic acid decarboxylase, insulin, islet auto antigen IA-2 or beta cell sinc transporter (one or more of these)
Type II Diabetes
Type II diabetes is characterized by a deficit in insulin secretion or insulin resistance that results in hyperglycemia and can lead to several serious macrovascular and microvascular complications.
Other types of diabetes
Suggested that glucose binds to free AA residues. These form advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). AGEs accumulate in proportion to hyperglycaemias and time, leading to tissue dysfunction.
Diabetic neuropathy
Most common complication of diabetes. Classified into generalized (autonomic, sensorimotor, sensory) and focal (cranial, truncal, focal limb, proximal motor) neuropathies.
Diabetic nephropathy
Progressive kidney damage over about 20 years until kidney failure. Drop of GFR and rise of urine albumin and plasma creatinine and urea
Diabetic retinopathy
Complication of T1 and T2DM. Small blood vessels in the retina grow mini aneurysms or haemorrage and some blood vessels get completely cut off. Microaneurysms can complicate and you can get loss of capillary endothelial cell, haemorrhage due to rupture, increased vessel permeability with leakage of proteins, exudates… Can also get vascular occlusions with blood or small infarcts within nervous fibre layer.
HIV
Viral infection of the HIV virus, transmitted sexually most of the time. Virus invades and infects T-cells, which are destroyed by by body’s own immune system which causes a reduced viral load. After initial infection, a latent perdio that can last many years starts where t cell count is returned to normal.
Varicella
Incubation period of 10-21 days. Varicella zoster infection that causes. After a while specific IgG & IgA antibodies + specific CD8/CD4 T-cells. It then becomes latent in sensory ganglia of specific nerves.
Shingles
Reactivation and replication of varicella zoster virus in the sensory ganglia of nerves causing dermatome specific rashes
Encephalitis
Inflammatory process of brain parenchyma (functional brain tissue).
Influenza
Infection of respiratory tract and 2 day incubation period before symptoms.
Viral hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Zika Infection
Maternal infection -> placental infection -> fetal neural tissue. Due to progenitor neural cell damage and prolonged infection with persistant fetal and maternal viraemia
Ebola infection
Infection of a broad range of cells (liver, kidney, macrophage, endothelial cells)
Cellulitis
Acute spreading infection of dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Local production of inflammatory cytokines by keratinocytes.
Gall stone disease
Presence of solid concretions in the gallbladder. Symptoms arrise when these masses obstruct the cystic, bile or pancreatic duct. They are usually formed of bile and cholesterol.
Ascending cholangitis
Obstruction of bile ducts can aggravate and become an infection of the ascending colon. Usually gram negative bacteria (e.coli. enterobacter)
Pancreatitis
Proinflmmatory mediators and activation of proenzymes cause autodigestion of the pancreas and systemic inflammatory response.
Appendicities
Inflammation of the appendix
Upper GI Bleeding
Blood in the upper GI tact
Diverticular disease
Formation of sac like protrusions of mucosa through the muscular colonic wall. Become inflammed or infected. Associated with low fibre diet -> increase transit time -> increases intraluminal pressure)
IBD (Crohn’s disease)
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune trans-mural inflammation (goes through the bowel wall, unlike UC). Characterized by presence in the ilium along to other places in the GI tract.
IBD (Ulcerative Colitis)
Inflammatory autoimmune disroder of the mucosa of the colon only. Caused by an exaggerated mucosal T cell response to host microbiota. It infects the whole area equally (not in patches like crohn’s).
Coeliac disease
Chronic systemic, immune mediated disorder triggered by ingesting gluten. Leads to mucosal inflammation, crypt hyperplasia, villous atrophy. Gluten accumulates in submucosal layer.
Alcoholic hepatitis
Cirrhosis of liver due to alcohol intake. Toxic inflammation.
Tuberculosis
Disease due to infection of mycobacterium tuberculosis. Patients catch bacteria via inhalation (droplet nuclei) and these go directly to alveolus. Can be pulmunary, cervical, meningeal,
Meningitis
A serious inflammation of the meninges caused by various baecteria. It reaches the CNS either by haematogenous spread or direct extension from contiguou site. Causes an inflammatory cascade which leads to cerebral oeddema, increased intercranial pressure.
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disorder caused by a failure to maintain balance between cartilage synthesis and degradation. The degradation is a result of either increased degradation or decreased synthesis by the enzymes produced by the joint chondrocytes. Other structures in the joint are also damaged like synovial membrane inflammation, muscle weakness, ligament injury, bone degradation… Injury or trauma can also be an additional negative factor in osteoarthritis.
Psoriatic arthritis
psoriasis affecting skin but with associated swelling of joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
Type 2, 3, 4 hypersensitivity disease. Is a chronic inflammatory disease of synovial joints.
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Antibodies to nuclear material (anti dsDNA, anti histone, anti extractanle nuclear antigen…) These antibodies (espcially anti-Ro and anti-La) can be present of up to 9 years before symptoms. Auto-immune haemolysis, anaemia, sepsis, vascular inflammation.
Systemic sclerosis
aka sclerdoma, multisystem autoimmune disease characterised by functional and structural abnormalities in small vessels
Raynaud’s
Exists as primary (symmetrical and no thumb involvement) and secondary (asymmetrical and thumb involvement)
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Arterial thrombosis strokes, pregnancy morbidity. Caused by antiphospholipid antibodies (aCL, lupus anticoagulant, anti-b2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies). A subclass of lupus.
Atopic dermatitis (Eczema)
Chronic relapsing skin disorder
Glomerulonephritis (general condition)
Immune mediated damage to the glomerulus due to deposition of circulating or in situ immune complexes
or deposition of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
IgA nephropathy (main cause of glomerulonephritis)
Glomerular deposition of IgA causing inflammation in glomeruli (type of glomerulonephritis)
Henoch Schonlein Purpura (main cause of glomerulonephritis)
INflammation of the small blood vossels esp in kidney, skin and gut caused by IgA deposition like IgA nephropathy
Nephrotic syndrome
Condition in which you see a triad of high proteinuria, low albumin and oedema.
Minimal change disease (cause of nephrotic syndrome)
Disease of the glomerulus showing characteristic changes on EM. (effacement of foot processes by electron microscope)
focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (cause of nephrotic syndrome)
AKA FSGS. It is a lesion caused by a variety of diseases. Characterized by areas of mesangial collapse and sclerosis.
Membranous nephropaty (cause of nephrotic syndrome)
most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome in adults. Basement membrane thickening with little cell expansion. Associated with antiPLA2 antibody. Can also be associated with cancer, hepB, autoimmune, drugs.
Urinary Tract Infection
Bacterial infection of the urine with >105 colony of urine.
