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Disease Ecology > Disease- Costs and population > Flashcards

Disease- Costs and population Flashcards

1
Q

What is disease to humans and pet animals?

A

non infectious condition that reduces the quality of life

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2
Q

What is disease to food animals?

A

A condition that decreases the amount of production

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3
Q

What is disease to wild life/ free living animals?

A

A condition that decreases a populations survival and reproduction

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4
Q

How does dysfunction alter quality of life?

A

the more dysfunction, the closer to death

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5
Q

What does every disease and dysfunction have on an animal?

A

A cost!

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6
Q

What are the two types of cost?

A

Direct and indirect

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7
Q

What are direct costs?

A
  • mortality
  • injury that needs to be repaired
  • injury that makes an animal less efficient
  • direct loss of nutrition
  • loss of reproduction
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8
Q

What are indirect costs?

A
  • avoidance
  • resistance
  • increased vulnerability to other harmful factors
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9
Q

How is cost measured?

A

By Energy!!

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10
Q

What are two basic rules about energy?

A
  1. You cannot use more energy than you can assimilate

2. If you use extra energy on something, there will be less energy available for other purposes

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11
Q

How do animals decide what to use energy on?

A

They have to make trade offs among the activities that require energy. Their goal is to make the trade off that will result in the greatest lifetime success

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12
Q

What is lifetime success measured in?

A

Fitness, which is the animals ability to pass on as many genotypes to next generations as possible within its lifetime

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13
Q

What is fitness determined by?

A

combination of survival and fecundity –want to survive long enough to pass on as many genes as possible

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14
Q

What level does all disease begin at?

A

A cellular level:

  • interferes with the amount of nutrition and energy the cell has
  • breaks down the cell membrane
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15
Q

How do animals resist cell injury?

A
  • Avoidance
  • physical barriers
  • innate resistance
  • acquired resistance
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16
Q

What is avoidance?

A

the animal has to decide if it is worth getting the disease to get the nutrition ( goat example) or if it is better to eat less nutritional diet and avoid the disease

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17
Q

What are examples of physical barriers?

A
  • skin
  • GI pH
  • flow of urine
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18
Q

What is innate resistance?

A

inflammation!
The cell does not need to see the disease previously.
Inflammation can also be very harmful to the animal and can kill it but if it doesn’t occur then the animal may die from the disease instead

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19
Q

What is acquired resistance?

A
  • cell mediated

- humoral (antibodies)

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20
Q

If cells are affected, how are they repaired?

A
  • regeneration – completely regrow and have normal function again
  • scarring – damage is replaced by C.T. and a little but of function is lost
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21
Q

What are some reactions from the body that injury it?

A
  • inflammation
  • scarring
  • immune response generation
22
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of individuals of the same species that all live together in an area large enough to allow normal behaviour and migration patterns. The only change in size is birth or death

23
Q

What are important features of a population?

A
  • size of the group
  • rate and type of contact
  • spatial distribution
  • sex and age composition
  • rate of turnover
24
Q

How are the effects of most diseases distributed within a population?

A

Not uniformly- most animals have very few diseases but a few animals spread a lot of disease (super spreaders)

25
Q

What are two disease influences that effect at a population level

A

Survival and reproduction

26
Q

What are two types of survival affects?

A

direct mortality and indirect mortality

27
Q

What are examples of direct mortality?

A

culling or predation

28
Q

What are examples of indirect mortality

A
  • increased susceptibility of predation
  • increased susceptibility of other diseases
  • increased susceptibility of physical factors (malnutrition)
29
Q

What are three effects that diseases have on reproduction?

A
  • injury to reproductive organs
  • injury to the fetus
  • interference with reproductive behaviour
30
Q

What are examples of macroparasites and microparasites?

A

macro: worms, flees, mites
micro: viruses, bacteria

31
Q

How does micro parasites affect the immune system?

A

they have long lasting immunity to reinfection so reinfection is uncommon

32
Q

How do macro parasites affect the immune system?

A

it depends if there is continued presence of reinfection; reinfection is common because resistant for only a short period of time

33
Q

What are three types of individuals that are caused by micro parasites?

A

-susceptible animals
-infected animals
-resistant animals
And at some point while it is infected, the animal is infectious

34
Q

How does this differ with macro parasites?

A

Once the animal is recovered from the infection, it is susceptible again

35
Q

What differs in the infectious animals?

Why does it matter?

A

How long they are infectious for. Some are infectious for only a couple weeks (distemper) and some are infectious for their remaining years of their life ( TB)
This matters because you need to take a different approach when dealing with them

36
Q

What is R0

A

The basic reproduction number (rate) of a disease
it is the average amount of secondary infections that can arise from one infected individual into a fully susceptible population

37
Q

How is R0 determined?

A
  • frequency of contacts

- proportion of contacts that result in transmission (how easy the disease spreads)

38
Q

What does R0 need to equal for a disease to become established?

A

Needs to be at least 1

39
Q

Who is the most famous super spreader?

A

Typhoid Mary

40
Q

What happens in regards to susceptible individuals when a disease spreads within a population?

A

there are less susceptible people

41
Q

What does R0 change to?

A

Reff– when the population is no longer all susceptible individuals

42
Q

What happens to Reff when less people are susceptible?

A

it decreases. If it goes below 1 then the disease will die out

43
Q

What type of curve do diseases have? why does it have this shape?

A

epidemic curve because there is not many infected individuals to spread the disease at the beginning and then it increases and at the end there are lots of individuals to speed the disease but there aren’t a lot of susceptible individuals

44
Q

How could a disease persist?

A
  • large population
  • continuously adding to the population
  • more than one host species
  • chronically infected individuals
  • spatial organization of a population needs to be spread out in groups
45
Q

What is critical community size?

A

A population that is large enough for a disease to persist by adding new individuals to the population

46
Q

How do feedlots and chicken barns try to avoid diseases?

A

All in, all out method

47
Q

What is important to define in a multi-host disease?

A

What species are the maintenance host, spill over host and dead end host

48
Q

How does spatial organization effect disease spreading?

A

Most of the time populations are in smaller isolated groups but they aren’t completely isolated so disease still manages to spread by sparks or by an individual crossing over

49
Q

How do we manage or control disease?

A
  • reduce the exposure to the agent

- increase the resistance (to reduce the effect)

50
Q

What are some methods to reducing transmission

A
  • quarantine
  • reduce population density
  • control vectors
  • vaccination

Disease Ecology (4 decks)

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