Disease and Epidemiology

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

study of disease

Question 2

etiology

Answer 2

cause of disease

Question 3

pathogenesis

Answer 3

development of disease

Question 4

true pathogen

Answer 4

can cause disease in anyone

Question 5

opportunistic pathogen

Answer 5

can cause disease in immunocompromised people or under certain conditions

Question 6

infection

Answer 6

invasion/ colonization of the body by pathogens

Question 7

disease

Answer 7

abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions/ not in homeostasis

Question 8

human microbiome project

Answer 8

analyzes relationship between microbial communities on the body and human health

Question 9

Microbiome

Answer 9

• established in utero
• more microorganisms acquired from food, people, and pets
• remain throughout life

Question 10

Number 1 cause of urinary tract infections

Answer 10

E.coli leaving colon and entering urinary tract

Question 11

Normal microbiota

Answer 11

• permanently colonize the host
• do not cause disease under normal conditions

Question 12

Example of normal microbiota

Answer 12

E.coli

Question 13

Transient Microbiota

Answer 13

• present for days/ weeks/ months
• not permanent
• can cause disease

Question 14

factors effecting distribution and composition of normal microbiota

Answer 14

• nutrients
• physical/ chemical factors
• host defenses
• mechanical factors

Question 15

vaginal birth

Answer 15

grains Lactobacillus and Bacteroides

Question 16

Cesarean birth

Answer 16

• microbiome resembles skin of mother
• Staphylococcus aureus

Question 17

What is another term for microbial antagonism

Answer 17

competitive exclusion

Question 18

What is microbial antagonism?

Answer 18

competition between microbes

Question 19

How do microbiota protect the host?

Answer 19

• compete for nutrients
• produce substances harmful to invading microbes
• affect pH (vaginal) and available O2 (mouth)

Question 20

Symbiosis

Answer 20

relationship between normal microbiota and the host

Question 21

commensalism

Answer 21

one organism benefits, one is unaffected

Question 22

Mutualism

Answer 22

both organisms benefit

Question 23

parasitism

Answer 23

one organism benefits at the expense of the other
- parasite doesn’t want to kill the host

Question 24

Some normal microbiota are ________ _________.

Answer 24

opportunistic pathogens

Question 25

Endogenous infection

Answer 25

caused by biota that are already present in body

Question 26

Actinomycosis

Answer 26

- endogenous infection - lumpy jaw - bacteria live in the nose and throat and can cause skin infection

Question 27

Koch's Postulates

Answer 27

1. find the same pathogen in every case of disease 2. be able to isolate and grow in a pure culture 3. pure culture must infect a healthy lab animal and cause the same disease 4. must reisolate pathogen from inoculated animal

Question 28

What do Koch's postulates prove?

Answer 28

specific disease is caused by a specific microbe

Question 29

Communicable Disease

Answer 29

disease that is spread from one host to another

Question 30

Noncommunicable disease

Answer 30

disease that is not spread from one host to another

Question 31

Symptoms

Answer 31

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease (subjective)

Question 32

Signs

Answer 32

changes in body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

Question 33

syndrome

Answer 33

specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany disease

Question 34

Contagious disease

Answer 34

diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

Question 35

Incidence

Answer 35

number of new cases over a certain time period

Question 36

prevelance

Answer 36

total number of existing cases within respect to the entire population

Question 37

sporadic disease

Answer 37

disease that occurs only occasionally

Question 38

What type of disease are tetanus and rabies?

Answer 38

sporadic disease

Question 39

endemic disease

Answer 39

disease constantly present in a population

Question 40

What disease are the flu, HIV, and syphilis?

Answer 40

endemic disease

Question 41

epidemic disease

Answer 41

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time

Question 42

What type of disease are polio, smallpox, and ebola?

Answer 42

epidemic disease

Question 43

pandemic diseases

Answer 43

worldwide epidemic

Question 44

What disease are Covid-19 and H1N1?

Answer 44

pandemic disease

Question 45

Why did HIV numbers jump?

Answer 45

scientists knew what to look for and how to diagnose more efficiently

Question 46

Why is time important in epidemiology?

Answer 46

disease is more common in different seasons/ weather conditions

Question 48

common-source epidemic

Answer 48

rapid rise in cases suggest exposure to single source pathogen

Question 49

propagated epidemic

Answer 49

slow rise in cases suggests contagious disease spreading in population

Question 50

index case

Answer 50

first case of a propagated epidemic

Question 51

local infection

Answer 51

pathogen are limited to a small orea of the body

Question 52

systemic infection

Answer 52

infection throughout the body

Question 53

focal infection

Answer 53

systemic infection that began as a local infection

Question 54

primary infection

Question 55

secondary infection

Question 56

subclinical disease

Question 57

sepsis

Answer 57

- toxic inflammatory condition - due to the spread of microbes from a focus of infection

Question 58

bacteremia

Answer 58

bacteria in bloos

Question 59

speticemia

Answer 59

- blood poisoning - growth of bacteria in the blood

Question 60

toxemia

Answer 60

toxins in the blood

Question 61

viremia

Answer 61

viruses in the blood

Question 62

Why are STDs now called STIs

Answer 62

you can have infections without seeing signs and symptoms