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Microbiology > Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Chapter 16

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathology

A

study of disease

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2
Q

etiology

A

cause of disease

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3
Q

pathogenesis

A

development of disease

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4
Q

true pathogen

A

can cause disease in anyone

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5
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

can cause disease in immunocompromised people or under certain conditions

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6
Q

infection

A

invasion/ colonization of the body by pathogens

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7
Q

disease

A

abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions/ not in homeostasis

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8
Q

human microbiome project

A

analyzes relationship between microbial communities on the body and human health

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9
Q

Microbiome

A
  • established in utero
  • more microorganisms acquired from food, people, and pets
  • remain throughout life
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10
Q

Number 1 cause of urinary tract infections

A

E.coli leaving colon and entering urinary tract

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11
Q

Normal microbiota

A
  • permanently colonize the host
  • do not cause disease under normal conditions
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12
Q

Example of normal microbiota

A

E.coli

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13
Q

Transient Microbiota

A
  • present for days/ weeks/ months
  • not permanent
  • can cause disease
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14
Q

factors effecting distribution and composition of normal microbiota

A
  • nutrients
  • physical/ chemical factors
  • host defenses
  • mechanical factors
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15
Q

vaginal birth

A

grains Lactobacillus and Bacteroides

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16
Q

Cesarean birth

A
  • microbiome resembles skin of mother
  • Staphylococcus aureus
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17
Q

What is another term for microbial antagonism

A

competitive exclusion

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18
Q

What is microbial antagonism?

A

competition between microbes

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19
Q

How do microbiota protect the host?

A
  • compete for nutrients
  • produce substances harmful to invading microbes
  • affect pH (vaginal) and available O2 (mouth)
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20
Q

Symbiosis

A

relationship between normal microbiota and the host

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21
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits, one is unaffected

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22
Q

Mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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23
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other
- parasite doesn’t want to kill the host

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24
Q

Some normal microbiota are ________ _________.

A

opportunistic pathogens

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25
Q

Endogenous infection

A

caused by biota that are already present in body

26
Q

Actinomycosis

A
  • endogenous infection
  • lumpy jaw
  • bacteria live in the nose and throat and can cause skin infection
27
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. find the same pathogen in every case of disease
  2. be able to isolate and grow in a pure culture
  3. pure culture must infect a healthy lab animal and cause the same disease
  4. must reisolate pathogen from inoculated animal
28
Q

What do Koch’s postulates prove?

A

specific disease is caused by a specific microbe

29
Q

Communicable Disease

A

disease that is spread from one host to another

30
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

disease that is not spread from one host to another

31
Q

Symptoms

A

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease (subjective)

32
Q

Signs

A

changes in body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

33
Q

syndrome

A

specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany disease

34
Q

Contagious disease

A

diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

35
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases over a certain time period

36
Q

prevelance

A

total number of existing cases within respect to the entire population

37
Q

sporadic disease

A

disease that occurs only occasionally

38
Q

What type of disease are tetanus and rabies?

A

sporadic disease

39
Q

endemic disease

A

disease constantly present in a population

40
Q

What disease are the flu, HIV, and syphilis?

A

endemic disease

41
Q

epidemic disease

A

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time

42
Q

What type of disease are polio, smallpox, and ebola?

A

epidemic disease

43
Q

pandemic diseases

A

worldwide epidemic

44
Q

What disease are Covid-19 and H1N1?

A

pandemic disease

45
Q

Why did HIV numbers jump?

A

scientists knew what to look for and how to diagnose more efficiently

46
Q

Why is time important in epidemiology?

A

disease is more common in different seasons/ weather conditions

47
Q
A
48
Q

common-source epidemic

A

rapid rise in cases suggest exposure to single source pathogen

49
Q

propagated epidemic

A

slow rise in cases suggests contagious disease spreading in population

50
Q

index case

A

first case of a propagated epidemic

51
Q

local infection

A

pathogen are limited to a small orea of the body

52
Q

systemic infection

A

infection throughout the body

53
Q

focal infection

A

systemic infection that began as a local infection

54
Q

primary infection

A
55
Q

secondary infection

A
56
Q

subclinical disease

A
57
Q

sepsis

A
  • toxic inflammatory condition
  • due to the spread of microbes from a focus of infection
58
Q

bacteremia

A

bacteria in bloos

59
Q

speticemia

A
  • blood poisoning
  • growth of bacteria in the blood
60
Q

toxemia

A

toxins in the blood

61
Q

viremia

A

viruses in the blood

62
Q

Why are STDs now called STIs

A

you can have infections without seeing signs and symptoms

Microbiology (4 decks)

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