Disease and Defence

Question 1

incidence

Answer 1

number of cases in a specified population and time

Question 2

prevalence

Answer 2

total number affected in a population at a time
how the common the condition is within a population over time

Question 3

mortality

Answer 3

death rate

Question 4

geographical variation

Answer 4

indicates genetic or environmental factors

Question 5

prognosis

Answer 5

describes the likely outcome of an illness

Question 6

historical variation

Answer 6

how distribution changes over time

Question 7

aetiology

Answer 7

why disease occurs

Question 8

commensals

Answer 8

live symbiotically with host

Question 9

pathogenicity of bacteria

Answer 9

toxins, immune response

Question 10

classification of bacteria

Answer 10

shape and gram stain

Question 11

classification of viruses

Answer 11

DNA and RNA

Question 12

pathogenicity of viruses

Answer 12

cytopathic, immune response, incorporate into host genome

may result in acute damage, chronic infection or neoplastic transformation

Question 13

pathogenesis

Answer 13

the mechanism by which a disease is caused or the sequence of events in response to aetiological agent
multiple pathogenic processes at work

Question 14

morphological diseases

Answer 14

changes in the structure of a tissue

Question 15

clinical manifestations of disease

Answer 15

symptomatology
measure of objective parameters

Question 16

itis

Answer 16

inflammatory

Question 17

pathy

Answer 17

abnormality lacking in specific characteristics

Question 18

oma

Answer 18

tumour

Question 19

primary disease

Answer 19

initial disease

Question 20

secondary disease

Answer 20

results from previous disease

Question 21

acute

Answer 21

rapid onset
short course

Question 22

chronic

Answer 22

slow progress
long duration

Question 23

congenital

Answer 23

initiated before or during birth

Question 24

genetic defect

Answer 24

inherited mutation before birth

Question 25

non-genetic defect

Answer 25

abnormalities caused by maternal disease

Question 26

inflammatory disease

Answer 26

physiological response of living tissue to injury

Question 27

immunity

Answer 27

autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity, immune deficiency

Question 28

haemodynamic

Answer 28

issues with blood flow

Question 29

thrombus

Answer 29

clot formed in blood vessel or heart chamber

Question 30

embolus

Answer 30

mass which travels in blood stream and lodges in a blood vessel obstructing it

Question 31

metabolic disease

Answer 31

enzyme or hormone deficiency

Question 32

degenerative disease

Answer 32

loss of special tissue structure and function of tissue

Question 33

growth disease

Answer 33

abnormal growth including adaptation to new circumstances

Question 34

hypertrophy

Answer 34

increasing cell volume

Question 35

hyperplasia

Answer 35

increasing cell number

Question 36

atrophy

Answer 36

shrinkage of tissue

Question 37

neoplasia

Answer 37

uncrontrolled growth of new tissue

Question 38

benign

Answer 38

non-invase

Question 39

malignant

Answer 39

invasive

Question 40

characteristics of genetic disease

Answer 40

early onset, familial, uncommon

Question 41

characteristics of environmental disease

Answer 41

adult onset, not familial, area clustering, common

Question 42

corrosive disease

Answer 42

change in environmental pH of proteins disrupts salt bridges and hydrogen bonding

Question 43

acid diseases

Answer 43

coagulative necrosis

Question 44

alkali diseases

Answer 44

liquefaction necrosis

Question 45

metabolic disease

Answer 45

toxin metabolised leading to tissue damage

Question 46

mutagenic disease

Answer 46

affects DNA

Question 47

allergic

Answer 47

substance evokes immune response

Question 48

drugs disease

Answer 48

biological effect

Question 49

mechanical disease

Answer 49

trauma, break, crush, percussive affects vasculature and cells

Question 50

superficial burn

Answer 50

just to epidermis no blisters

Question 51

superficial dermal burn

Answer 51

reaches top of dermis blisters

Question 52

deep dermal burn

Answer 52

reaches bottom of dermis some blistering

Question 53

full thickness burn

Answer 53

reaches subcutaneous layer no blisters

Question 54

first degree frost bite

Answer 54

superficial not frozen reduced sensitivity

Question 55

second degree frost bite

Answer 55

reaches dermis blistering cold sensitivity

Question 56

third degree frost bite

Answer 56

full thickness blue-grey blistering pain upon rewarming

Question 57

fourth degree frost bite

Answer 57

deep tissue blue-grey no pain on rewarming

Question 58

inhaled diseases (dust)

Answer 58

inflammation and fibrosis macrophages

Question 59

pneumoconiosis

Answer 59

coal dust, silicosis, asbestosis

Question 60

fibrosis

Answer 60

mesothelioma, lung carcinoma

Question 61

organic dust

Answer 61

hypersensitivity reactions

Question 62

air pollution diseases

Answer 62

chemicals, particulates, biological agents

Question 63

ionising radiation diseases

Answer 63

direct damage to dna indirect damage via free radicals