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disease Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a parasite

A

AN organism that lives on or inside another organism known as the host. Parasites gain energy from their hosts and depend on this energy for their reproduction

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2
Q

what is a pathogen

A

A disease-causing organism, many are microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protoctists

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3
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

Diseases caused by a pathogen that is transmitted from one host organism to another

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4
Q

what are non-communicable diseases

A

Diseases not caused by a pathogen. (these diseases have numerous other causes.) Examples in this category include inherited (genetic), degenerative and deficiency diseases.

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5
Q

what is a disease transmission

A

The transfer of a pathogen from an infected host to an uninfected host.

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6
Q

what are bacteria

A

prokaryotic organisms

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7
Q

what is an example of bacteria disease

A

Tuberculosis, and the bacteria form of meningitis

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8
Q

what are most human TB caused by

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

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9
Q

what is a type of bacterial plant disease

A

Ring rot in potatoes, which infect the vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) and block it so there is less water that reaches the leaves and they wilt.

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10
Q

what was the first virus to be discovered

A

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

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11
Q

what is the symptom of the TMV

A

yellowing of the leaves to give this mosaic pattern

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12
Q

why do viruses need to hijact the host cells metabolism

A

Because they have no cellular structure, so they cannot respire, make ATP or transcribe and translate the genes coded by the genetic material.
Once they have hijact the cell they can then use the cells machinery to make copies of its genetic material and the proteins needed to make the coat, or capsid

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13
Q

what are the three types of influenza

A

A B C, the most common type is A which was responsible for the epidemics in the 1900’s

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14
Q

What type of virus is HIV

A

enveloped virus with RNA as its genetic material.
it infects certain cell types, including the brain cells and some in the immune system.
HIV is also a retrovirus. Its RNA is used as a template to make DNA, which is the reverse of what normally happens in cells

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15
Q

what is retrovirus

A

A virus, such as HIV, with a single-stranded RNA as its genetic material, not DNA. When a retrovirus invades a host cell, it uses its enzyme reverse transcirptases to make DNA from an RNA template. Other RNA viruses such as influenza viruses, do not use their RNA as a template for making DNA.

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16
Q

how does the enzyme reverse transcriptase work

A
  • Uses the viral RNA as a template to make single stranded.
  • The single stranded DNA is replicated by DNA polymerase so that the DNA becomes double stranded.
  • The DNA enters the nucleus, where the viral enzyme integrase attaches it to host DNA.
  • This incorporated viral DNA is a provirus and may remain inactive for several years.
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17
Q

what happens when the DNA provirus is activated

A
  • The DNA provirus is used as a template for host RNA polymerase to make RNA as the genetic material for new viruses and mRNA to make viral proteins.
  • Viral protest cuts the protein produced on the host cell’s ribosomes into short sections that are assembled around RNA to make the capsid and matrix of new viruses.
  • These viruses travel to the cell surface membrane and leave surrounded by host cell membrane with HIV glycoproteins incorporated
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18
Q

what are parasites that cause malaria classified as

A

with other unicellular eukaryotes in the kingdom Protoctista

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19
Q

what is human malaria caused by

A

several species of the genus plasmodium, the most severe form of the disease by p.falciparum.
-The parasites go through some of the stages in its life cycle in humans and other stages within he bodies of female anopheles mosquitoes

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20
Q

what are fungi

A

eukaryotic organisms that have a structure similar to plants, with cell walls and large central vacuoles.
Instead of being made of separate cells, many fungi are composed of filaments known as hyphae that form an extensive network throughout the soil or, in case of parasitic fungi, over the surface or within the body of their hosts.

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21
Q

what is an example of a fungal disease within plants

A

Black Sigatoka, which is caused by a fungus that causes black streaks in banana leaves.

  • The fungus spreads through the leaf tissue, reducing the plants ability to photosynthesise.
  • As the disease spreads, the whole leaf dies - reducing the production of carbohydrates that os destined to be transported to the fruits.
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22
Q

what diseases in humans does bacterium cause

A

Tuberculosis

bacterial meningitis

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23
Q

what is the pathogen of tuberculosis and the method of transmission

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis, transmission is direct in droplets through the air

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24
Q

what is the pathogen and transmission method for bacterial meningitis

A

Neisseria mengingitidis, transmission Is direct in droplets in the air and through exchange of fluids, e.g. during kissing

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25
Q

what diseases in humans does viruses cause

A

HIV/AIDS

influenza

26
Q

what is a pathogen and the transmission method of HIV/AIDS

A

human immunodeficiency virus, transmission is direct contact between bodily fluids such as blood, men and vaginal fluids; transmission from mother to child in breast milk

27
Q

what is a pathogen and the transmission method of influenza

A

There are three types of virus, e.g. influenza A B C, transmission Is diet in droplets through the air

28
Q

what Is the human disease protoctists causes

A

malaria

29
Q

what is the pathogen and transmission method of malaria

A

p.malariae =, transmission is direct by female anopheles mosquitoes

30
Q

what human disease does fungus cause

A

cattle worm

athletes foot

31
Q

what is the pathogen and transmission method of cattle worm

A

Trichophyton verrucosum, transmission is direct contact with infected cattle

32
Q

what is the pathogen and transmission method of athletes foot

A

T.mentagrophytes, transmission is direct e.g. contact with towels used by people who are infected

33
Q

What plant disease is caused by bacterium

A

Ring rot

34
Q

what is the pathogen and transmission method of Ring rot

A

Clavibacter michiganensis, transmission is direct contact with infected tubers; cultivation helps to spread the disease as bacteria remain on machinery

35
Q

what is the host for Ring rot

A

potato

tomato

36
Q

what plant disease is caused by viruses

A

mosaic

37
Q

what is the host for mosaic

A

tobacco

38
Q

what is the pathogen and transmission method of mosaic

A

tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), transmission is direct contact with leaves of infected plants and indirect via aphids as vectors

39
Q

what plant disease is caused by fungus

A

black Sigatoka

40
Q

what is the host for black Sigatoka

A

bananas

41
Q

what a pathogen and transmission method of black Sigatoka

A

mycosphaerella fijiensis, transmission is direct where spores are dispersed through the air.

42
Q

what plant diseases are caused by protoctists

A

late Blight

43
Q

what is the host for late blight

A

potato

tomato

44
Q

what is a pathogen and transmission method of late Blight

A

phytophthora infestans, transmission is direct by swimming zoospores and aerial spores

45
Q

what is the difference between an intracellular parasite and an extracellular parasite

A

intracellular parasites live inside host cells; extracellular parasites live outside cells, for instance in th lumen of the hut or in the lymphatic system

46
Q

define the term pathogen

A

a disease causing organism

47
Q

state three ways in which the structure of influenza A virus is different to the structure of TMV

A
  • influenza a is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer
  • has 8 molecules of single stranded RNA, not just one
  • has two proteins inserted into the phospholipid bilayer - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase.
48
Q

state two bacterial diseases if humans

A

Tuberculosis

meningitis

49
Q

what is the structure of a bacteria’s

A 
no nucleus 
has DNA 
has a cell wall
a phospholipid bilayer
no capsid
has a capsule 
no membrane organelles
50
Q

what is the structure of viruses

A 
no nucleus 
has RNA ( and DNA in some viruses)
no cell wall 
only enveloped viruses have phospholipid bilayers
has a capsid 
does not have a capsule 
no membrane organelles
51
Q

what is the structure of protoctists

A 
has a nucleus 
has DNA 
does not have a cell wall
has a phospholipid bilayer 
no capsid 
no capsule 
has membrane organelles (such as mitochondria, EPR sand fibres
52
Q

state two fungal diseases in Humans and two in plants

A

mammals - athletes foot, and cattle ringworm

plants - black Sigatoka, rusts

53
Q

what is a spore

A

a small reproductive structure. Spores are released into the environment, dispersed in wind or water, and start to grow when they reach a suitable food source. Some spores are produced following mitosis and other after meiosis. Spores can either be haploid or diploid

54
Q

what is a vector

A

an organism that transfers a pathogen from an infected host to an uninfected host. The vector is not usually harmed in any way by the pathogen.

55
Q

what is an example of a vector

A

mosquitos, in the transmission of malaria

56
Q

what are some of the factors which effect the transmission of human diseases

A

-migration, from poor areas to. These are then transmitter rapidly when they are brought into new populations with little (or no) natural resistance and no immunity, when poor people move to more affluent areas.

57
Q

what is a passive defence mechanism

A

those that are present all the time.

Some of these are physical barriers; others are chemicals that deter the growth of pathogens

58
Q

what are the examples of physical passive defence mechanisms in plants

A
  • waxy cuticle over leaf epidermis
  • bark
  • cellulose cell walls
  • casparian strip in the endodermis of the root
  • stomata that close to stop pathogens entering
59
Q

what are the examples of chemical passive defence mechanisms in plants

A
  • secreting compounds to support growth of micro-organisms that compete with pathogens
  • secretion of compounds toxic to pathogens
  • secretion of inhibitors of enzymes, e.g. cellulose used by pathogens to break down cell walls to gain entry to cells
  • receptor molecules on cell surface membranes that detect pathogens and activate plant defences
  • sticky resins in bark that prevent the spread of pathogens
60
Q

what is callose

A

a polysaccharide that has 1,3 glycosidic bonds some 1,6 glycosidic bonds. It is made by plant cells in defence against attack by pests and pathogens to block sieve pores in phloem sieve tubes, reduce the width of plasmodesmata and thicken cell walls.

61
Q

list the factors that influence the spread of communicable diseases that are transmitted directly between hosts.

A
  • the number of infected individuals as the source of the pathogen
  • the number of uninfected individuals
  • the distance between infected and uninfected individuals
  • the number of the uninfected population that have immune to a specific disease
  • the climate
  • the weather
62
Q

lists the factors that influence the spread of communicable disease that are transmitted indirectly between hosts

A
  • the population of vectors
  • the climatic factors that affect the reproduction of vectors
  • the food sources available for populations of vectors

paper 2 biology (8 decks)

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