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Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

A microorganisms that causes disease

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2
Q

what are communicable and non-communicable diseases?

A

Communicable diseases - caused by a pathogen and can be spread from person to person

Non-communicable diseases - not caused by pathogens and are influenced by genetics or lifestyle choices

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3
Q

What are the types of pathogens and examples?

A

Bacteria - mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB

Virus - HIV, AIDS, influenza

Protoctist - malaria

Fungi - Athletes foot

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4
Q

What factors affect spread of communicable disease?

A

Social factors - higher transmission in countries with less healthcare access

Living conditions - overcrowding increases spread

Climate - tropical countries have ideal conditions for mosquitos to breed

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5
Q

What are our body defenses to pathogen?

A

Expulsive reflexes - coughing and sneezing

Blood clots - blocks wounds

Mucus in trachea - trap pathogens

Skin acts as physical barrier

Stomach contains highly

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6
Q

what are plant physical defences?

A

Waxy cuticle - physical barrier

Cell wall - physical barrier

Plant deposits callose between cell wall and plasma memebrane

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7
Q

what are plant chemical defences?

A

Plants produce antibiotic compounds - prevent growth of bacteria

Plants produce insecticides - reduces risk of infection by virus

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8
Q

What are the stages of an immune response?

A

phagocytosis of pathogen

activation of T lymphocytes

activation of B lymphocytes

production of antibodies by plasma cells

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9
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

type of white blood cell which can destroy pathogens

types of phagocytes are:

macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils

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10
Q

How does a phagocyte engulf and present antigens?

A

Detect the presence of pathogen when receptors on its surface binds to antigen on pathogen

The phagocyte engulfs the pathogen

The pathogen is contained in a phagosome

Lysosomes digest and destroy the pathogen using digestive enzymes

Digested pathogen removed but the antigens are presented on their cell surface membrane

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11
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A

white blood cless which contain receptors on their surface

Different T cells have different shaped receptors

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12
Q

What is clonal expansion?

A

A specific T cells binds to a complementary antigen

The T cell is activated - this is called clonal selection.

Once activated, T cell divides by mitosis to produce clones

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13
Q

what are T helper cells

A

release cytokines to activate B lymphocytes

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14
Q

What are T killers cells?

A

destroys any cells which have been infected with pathogen

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15
Q

What are T regulator cells?

A

Suppress other immune cells and prevent them from attacking host cells

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16
Q

What are T memory cells?

A

Found in bloodstream at low levels. If infection occurs again, they will divide into T helper, T killer and T regulator cells

17
Q

what are B lymphocytes?

A

Activated by cytokines released by T helper cells

Also activated when antibody molecules on their surface bind to complementary antigen

have different shaped antibodies

only B cells with correct shaped antibodies will be activated

18
Q

What happens when B cells are activated?

A

B cells divide by mitosis and differentiate into two kinds of cell:

Plasma cells - produce antibodies with complementary shape to antigen

memory cells - remain in blood stream and divides into plasma cells if there is an infection again

19
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody

A

Quaternary structure made of 4 polypeptide chains - 2 heavy, 2 light

Chains are joined together by disulfide bridges

Variable region which contains antigen binding site - complementary to shape of antigen

Constant region contains binding site to allow antibody to bind to immune system cell

Hinge region - provides antibody flexibility

20
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Antigens contain 2 binding sites so can bind to 2 pathogens at the same time

Pathogens become clustered together

Phagocytes can engulf more pathogens at the same time

21
Q

How do antibodies neutralise toxins?

A

Pathogens release toxins to makes us feel ill

Antibodies can bind to toxins to neuralise the toxins

Antibody-toxin complex formed and destroyed by phagocyte

22
Q

How do antibodies block access to human cells?

A

Pathogens enter host cells when their antigens bind to receptors on host cell

Antibodies bind to antigens to prevent antigen form binding to host cell receptors

23
Q

what is primary immune response?

A

infected by a pathogen for the first time

composed of non-specific and specific-immune response

Slow as it tales time for correct B cell to undergo clonal selection and clonal expansion to produce complementary antibody

Infected person will experience symptoms while T and B cells prepare immune response

Memory cells are made

24
Q

What is a secondary immune response?

A

Person is re-infected with same pathogen again

T and B memory cells recognise the antigen and start dividing

T memory cells divide into T killer cells to destroys cells affected by pathogens

B memory cells divide into plasma cells which release complementary antibodies to the antigen

25
Q

what is active immunity?

A

Body makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen.

Natural or artificial

26
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

body is given ready-made antibodies that have been produced by another organism

Natural or artificial

27
Q

what is an autoimmune disease?

A

Persons immune system cant distinguish between self antigens from foreign antigens

Immune system attacks normal body cells

28
Q

what are vaccines?

A

contain dead or weakened pathogens which are injected into the blood

stimulates a primary immune response and production of memory T cells and memory B cell

29
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

interfere with bacterial cell walls and ribosomes

killing the bacteria or stopping its growth

Viruses not affected

Human cells not affected

30
Q

Explain antibiotic resistance

A

A random mutation occurs in a singular bacteria

Mutation causes bacteria to survive against antibiotic

These bacteria survive and divide to produce more bacteria containing the antibiotic-resistance gene

31
Q

How to prevent development of antibiotic resistance?

A

Rotate use of different antibiotics

Taking the full course of antibiotics

Avoid overuse

32
Q

What is the future of medicine?

A

Personalised medicine - certain people respond more effectively to some drugs

Synthetic biology - tech used to make artificial versions of cellular components in nature

Biology (18 decks)

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