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disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two main types of diseases

A

communicable and non communicable
(can and cant be spread)

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2
Q

definition of healthy

A

able to carry out everyday functions at ease

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3
Q

What is a latent infection

A

when diseases come back after laying your body for and unspecific amount of time (e.g HIV leading to AIDS)

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4
Q

What are cancer cells

A

cells that due to exposure of carcinogens have had their chromosomes damaged meaning the gene that regulate growth stops working

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5
Q

types of cancer cells

A

Malignant- can spread and invade cells
Benin- external(not harmful in effect)

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6
Q

how do cancers spread

A

mostly the bloodstream and lymphatic system

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7
Q

what are the disadvantages of chemo

A

destroys all neighbouring cells as well and cause the most rapidly dividing cells to die such as hair cells, skin cells and blood cells

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8
Q

How to remove different types of tumours

A

Small benin- surgery
Large concentrated tumor- radiation
spread all over- chemo

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9
Q

Lifestyle factors that can affect your health

A

Any 3 from:
- Diet
- Sleep
- Exercise
- Mental state
- Screen time
- Financial state and place of living
- addiction
- Education/ career
- Relations
- Hygene

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10
Q

how can alcohol effect health

A

abnormal foetal development
liver and brain damage
- kills liver cells and affects communication pathways

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11
Q

effects of carcinogens and radiation

A

cancer- damages genes

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12
Q

effects of smoking

A

low birth weight and premature birth- carbon monoxide and nicotine
lung diseases and lung cancer- tar an CO

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13
Q

effects of a poor diet and obesity

A

Type 2 diabetes - rapid effect on blood sugar levels
cardiovascular diseases- fat build up in the arteries

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14
Q

How are non communicable diseases prevalent in modern society

A

Cancer and cardiovascular health are some of the leading causes of death in HICs and the UK alone spent £415m on cancer research 2022/23

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15
Q

Qualities of a good pathogen

A
  • high reproduction rates
  • high resistance to medicines
  • high infectivity (will spread to others)
  • Moderate lethality (spread before host dies)
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16
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a disease causing micro organism

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17
Q

4 types of pathogens

A
  • Bacteria
  • virus
  • fungi
  • prostist (disease causing micro organism)
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18
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryote
no nucleus
DNA stored in nucleoid and plasmids
Multiply by binary fusion (some do so every 20 minutes)

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19
Q

Why do bacterium make us sick

A

The toxins they excrete damage our cells and increases temperature and other symptoms are normally to combat them

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20
Q

Salmonella

A

A genus of bacteria that causes food poisoning and results in abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhea which occurs due to the consumption of unhygienic kitchens, uncooked poultry and eggs (first time coked or reheated )

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21
Q

Gonorhea

A

A common bacterial STI which causes pain while urinating and forms a yellow/green discharge- antibiotics are slowly becoming less effective against it

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22
Q

Why do viruses make us sick

A

Viruses are genetic material in a protein capsule (hence making their status as living debatable) they invade the cell to hijack it by inserting their genetic material and make the host cell make copies of it
(viruses can remain dormant inside cells for years and come back to reinfect you years later)

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23
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus is transmitted via unprotected sex or any other exchange of bodily fluid(e.g. sharing a meal) symptoms flu like
AIDs (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is the leftover virus that attacks the immune system- no cure

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24
Q

Ebola

A

viral disease can enter through any orifice (cuts in skin or nostril or eyes) and its often deadly symptoms include fever fatigue and headaches and these can last over 2 years with other symptoms also include:
- being sick
- diarrhoea and tummy pain
- a skin rash
- yellowing of the skin and eyes
- blood in your poo
- lots of bruises all over your body
- bleeding from your ears, eyes, nose or mouth
(remember like 3)

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25
Q

Measles

A

An airborne disease often caught by younger children that causes fever and skin rashes. Catching later in life can lead to infertility but fortunately in more developed countries vaccines protect against it

26
Q

Fungal diseases

A

can be single or multicellular and are eukaryotes
they are also saprophytic- release enzymes outside themselves to dissolve nutrients and then absorbs the digestive material

27
Q

Athletes foot

A

causes flaky, dry and red skin and are found in communal areas such as swimming pools (treated by anti fungal medication)

28
Q

Prostist

A

single cell organisms that spread via being carried by other animals (which are called vector). Some have characteristics like animals, others more like plants and some, called moulds are closest to fungi.

29
Q

how is malaria spread

A

Is caused by the spread of the plasmodium falciparum found in the salivary glands of mosquitos. In the life cycle of Plasmodium, a mosquito sucks blood containing the protists from an infected person. The mosquito passes the protist to other people when it sucks their blood as its babies will carry it in their salivary gland and inject it when they feed

30
Q

Malaria symptoms

A

When they get into the body they first multiply in the liver cells and then in the red blood cells which they then destroy as they grow inside the red blood cells (these daughter cells are called merozoites ) and at that stage is where symptoms including high temperature, chills vomiting and headaches can occur (these happen in cycle)

31
Q

why should we contain plant diseases

A
  • to preserve crops
  • they are harder to control
  • anything that happens to producers affect the food web
  • soil erosion when plants die
32
Q

symptoms of plant disaese

A
  • stunted growth
  • spots on leaves
  • areas of decay and rot
  • abnormal growths/tumors
  • malformed stem/ leaves
  • discolouration
  • presence of pests
33
Q

tobacco mosaic virus

A
  • molting/ discoloured leaves is a mosaic pattern
  • yellow spots/ streaks on the leaves
  • curled leaves
  • stunted growth
34
Q

Black spot fungus

A
  • black spots on the upper surface of the leaf
  • drooping leaves
  • small black scabby lesions (plant version of a bruise) appearing on young stems
35
Q

Plant defences

A
  • lignin(impenetrable bark)
  • redirecting nutrients
  • waxy cuticle (being thick)
  • cellulose cell walls
  • trichomes (small hair like spikes containing irritation causing toxins)
  • antibacterial chemicals
  • poisons
  • thorns
  • mimicry
  • curling leaves
36
Q

How are diseases spread

A

Water- dirty water is a breading ground for many diseases
Air- tiny droplets containing virus particles
Unhygienic food- allow bacteria to remain and fester
Vectors- organisms carrying diseases

37
Q

Antigens

A

send a signal your body recognises to help alert your immune system to invader cells
(they exist on all cells and are used as identification)

38
Q

Antibodies

A

are alerted by antigens to an invading cell they form a complementary shape to that specific pathogen which can result in one of 3 things:
- either they attach causing difficulty entering a host cell
- clump the pathogens together allowing phagocytes to destroy multiple at once
- lysis burst cell so the cytoplasm can no longer do chemical reactions

39
Q

Antitoxins

A

neutralises toxins excreted by bacteria as they damage cells

40
Q

First line of defence (non specific)

A
  • Lysozymes enzyme in tears/ saliva/ mucus and blood containing break down bacterial cell walls containing peptidoglycan
  • HCL in the stomach destroys pathogens
  • goblet cells catch pathogens in mucus and cilia cells waft it up toward the mouth
  • Skin (dead epidermis cells) as well as fibrogen in platelets turning into fibrin to form scabs
  • nose hairs and eyelashes act as a physical barrier
41
Q

second line of defence (non specific

A

Phagocytes
1) leave the blood via the capillaries to the cell that’s being attacked
2) cell membrane and cytoplasm surround the pathogen
3) phagocyte engulfed via phagocytosis
4) pathogen digested via lytic enzymes- useful substances absorbed and the waste released by exocytosis

42
Q

Third line of defence (specific)

A

Lymphoctes
- T cells- tell cells to kill themselves if something dangerous has infected/invaded them
- B cells create antibodies
- memory cells remember old infections and reproduce much faster (can stay up to 50 years)

43
Q

How do vaccines cause immunity

A

it takes 2-3 weeks to fully destroy a pathogen so giving a dead or inactive form of the virus creates memory cells that if actually infected would allow the body to deal with it for 2-3 days

44
Q

why cant you properly vaccinate against viruses

A

new strains occur so quickly as the outside protein coat has ever changing antigens

45
Q

Drugs

A

any chemical that changes how the body works

46
Q

what are antibiotics

A

protein based substances that interfere with a pathogens metabolism and slow growth and reproduction for long enough for immune cells to destroy them

47
Q

how was Penicillin discovered

A

Alexander Fleming was the first to discover antibiotics investigating Bacteria Staphylococcus growing in petri dishes and he concluded that the fungi growing in the dishes was repelling the bacteria- as it was a penicillium fungi he called the antibiotic penicillin

48
Q

how does antibiotic resistance occur

A

mutation form by errors in copying the DNA but due to rapid multiplication there is a larger shot of it occurring and when people don’t finish their antibiotic prescription resistance occurs

49
Q

How to prevent antibiotic resistance

A
  • Doctors not prescribing antibiotics in non threatening situations
  • completing their courses
  • agricultural use of antibiotics being managed
50
Q

painkillers

A

block pain without fixing anything
willow bark- asprin
poppy- opiates
foxglove- digitalis (heart drug)
rest are synthetic

51
Q

Antivirals

A

don’t kill viruses but slow down viral development - hard to make antiviral that doesn’t damage cells

52
Q

Herd immunity

A

resistance to the spread of communicable diseases within a population that is based on a preexisting immunity of a high portion of individuals as a result of previous infection or vaccinations

53
Q

Pros of vaccination

A
  • less likely to die from ilness
  • protect vulnerable people
  • contains the spread
54
Q

cons of vaccination

A
  • side effects
  • cost
  • allergies
  • suspicions/ lack of education
  • new strains
55
Q

Pre clinical trials

A
  • individual cells
  • computer run simulation
  • test on animals
56
Q

Clinical phase one

A

test on healthy male volunteers (side effects so no damage to reproductive systems

57
Q

Clinical phase two

A

larger amount of patients- efficiancy and dosage

58
Q

Phase three

A

large monitored study

59
Q

MRSA & VRSA

A

Methicillin resistant streptococcus aureus
Vankrocyn resistant streptococcus aureus

worst sorta bacteria

60
Q

what is the spread of cancer called

A

metastisis

Y10 Bio (4 decks)

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