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BIO 3/4 > Disease > Flashcards

Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is a disease

A

Disorder with a specific cause and recognisable signs and symptoms

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2
Q

Define Pathogen

A

A cellular or non-cellular agent of disease

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3
Q

What is an infection

A

Invasion and growth of a pathogen within the body of a host

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4
Q

Vector

A

An animal, usually an insect, that transmits pathogens from host to host

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5
Q

What is an antigen

A

Compounds which trigger an immune response, including the production of antibodies

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6
Q

Non-self antigens

A

Any foreign molecule or particle which acts as an antigen in the organism concerned

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7
Q

Self antigens

A

Any molecule or particle that originates from within the body

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8
Q

Allergens

A

A type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise by harmless to the body- reactions are allergies

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9
Q

Cellular pathogens

A

Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Worms and Arthropods

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10
Q

Non-cellular pathogens

A

Viruses, viroids, prions

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11
Q

What are prions

A

Misfolded pieces of protein in the brain cells- lethal and can’t be destroyed

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12
Q

What do prions result in?

A

Cellular malfunction and brain degeneration

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13
Q

How do Prions infect cells

A

Come in contact with normal form of protein in a mammal’s brain cell, prions induce normal protein to form abnormal shape, resulting chain reaction continues until prions accumulate to dangerous levels, cellular malfunction and brain degeneration

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14
Q

Similarities and differences in the two types of prions

A

Primary structures (amino acids) are identical, but the secondary structure is different so the brain can’t identify it as non-self

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15
Q

What are viruses made of?

A

Consist of a protein coat (capsid) surrounding a nucleic acid (DNA Or RNA), all forms are pathogenic (pathogens)

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16
Q

Viruses

A

Only attack certain cells in your body as the cell thinks its ingesting something it wants but is really a virus

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17
Q

Enveloped and non-enveloped viruses

A

Enveloped contains an outer envelope that surrounds the capsid making it harder to be detected by cells. Non- enveloped may stand out to cell.

18
Q

Life cycle of virus

A

Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, replication, assembly, release

19
Q

Attachment stage

A

Specific binding site between viral capsid proteins and specific receptors on the host cellular surface

20
Q

Penetration stage

A

Virus enters host cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Some viruses instead inject their genome into the bacterial cell across cell wall while the viral capsid remains outside

21
Q

Uncoating stage

A

Process in which the viral capsid is removed by viral enzymes or host enzymes which results in releasing their viral genomic nucleic acid.

22
Q

Replication stage

A

Multiplication of the genome.

23
Q

Assembly stage

A

Following the self-assembly of the virus particles, some modification of the proteins often occurs

24
Q

Release stage

A

Viruses can be released from the host cell by lysis, a process that kills the cell by bursting its membrane and cell wall if present.

25
Q

What are retroviruses

A

Family of RNA Viruses which transcibe their own DNA in host cell before reprogramming host cell to make viruses

26
Q

Types of virus disease

A

Influenza, AIDS, common cold, chickenpox, smallpox

27
Q

What is an epidemic

A

Rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population (small region) within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less

28
Q

What is a pandemic

A

Epidemic of an infectious disease that had spread through human populations across a large region (across continents)

29
Q

Viroids

A

Short circular pieces of naked DNA

30
Q

What do viroids infect

A

Only found to infect plants. Transmission is via insect vectors and physical contact

31
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria

32
Q

Bacterial features

A

No membrane bound organelles, singular circular chromosome, possess ribosomes, smaller- Most bacteria don’t cause disease

33
Q

Bacterial toxins

A

Some bacteria produce toxins, while these toxins are recognised as foreign by the human immune system, it is typically only after they have damaged particularly tissue and cause disease

34
Q

Types of toxins

A

Exotoxins- secreted toxins (most common)
Endotoxins- Parts of the outer membrane that are released when bacteria die

35
Q

Treatment for bacterial infection

A

An antibiotic is a substance used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections that act by either killing pathogenic bacteria or by inhibiting their growth

36
Q

Types of antibiotic

A

Broad-spectrum- kill against a range of bacteria
Narrow-spectrum- Target a particular group of bacteria according to their cell wall structure

37
Q

How to not become antibiotic resistance

A

Need to take full bottle of antibiotic to kill resistant bacteria (resistance ones may reproduce and be harder to kill)

38
Q

How do they become resistant

A

Share plasmids with bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics- The plasmids move from one cell to the other, taking the antibiotic resistance gene with them

39
Q

Zone of Inhibition

A

Zone in which the bacterial growth has been inhibited on agar plate

40
Q

Other treatments for bacterial infections

A

Antiseptics (on body)- Chemicals that destroy or inhibit growth of pathogens on the body (typically alcohol-based)
Disinfectants (on objects)- Chemicals used to destroy or inhibit growth of pathogens on surgical instruments and other objects

41
Q

Bacterial diseases

A

Tetanus, Salmonella, Cholera, Syphilis

42
Q

Protists

A

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms which absorb nutrients from their hosts

BIO 3/4 (7 decks)

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