Disease

Question 1

What is an infectious disease? Give example

Answer 1

A disease spread by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. malaria tuberculosis HIV/AIDS

Question 2

What is a contagious disease? Give example

Answer 2

A class of infectious disease spread directly or indirectly between people. Covid-19, influenza

Question 3

What is an endemic disease?

Answer 3

A disease that exists permanently in a geographical area or population group.

Question 4

What is an epidemic?

Answer 4

An outbreak that attacks many people at the same time and spreads throughout a population group.

Question 5

What is a pandemic?

Answer 5

An epidemic that has spread worldwide.

Question 6

What are communicable diseases? Give examples

Answer 6

Those that can be spread from host to host but do not require quarantine. Ebola, covid-19

Question 7

What is epidemeology?

Answer 7

The branch of medicine dealing with the distribution, incidence and and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

Question 8

What is a zoonotic disease?

Answer 8

Infectious diseases spread from animals to humans.

Question 9

What is a degenerative disease?

Answer 9

Diseases caused by the breakdown in cells and organs resulting in the loss of function.

Question 10

What is a lifestyle disease?

Answer 10

A disease encouraged by poor habits or diets.

Question 11

What is the frictional affect of distance?

Answer 11

The incidence of disease decreasing the further away you are from it.

Question 12

Name some of the most and least obese countries/regions in the world?

Answer 12

Most: USA, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, Pacific islands
Least: Sub Saharan Africa, South east Asia.

Question 13

Name the four types of spatial diffusion.

Answer 13

Expansion, contagious, relocation, hierarchical

Question 14

Outline expansion diffusion. (give examples)

Answer 14

A disease that has a source and spreads outwards into new areas. Carriers in the source remain infected. (Spanish flu, Swine flu)

Question 15

Outline contagious diffusion.

Answer 15

Caused by direct contact with the carrier and is strongly influenced by distance with the carrier.

Question 16

Outline hierarchical diffusion. ( give examples)

Answer 16

A disease spreading through an order of places, usually from the largest centres with high connectivity to the smallest with little connectivity. AIDS/HIV, Swine flu

Question 17

Outline relocation diffusion. (give examples)

Answer 17

A disease leaves its area of origin and moves to new areas affecting a new population. HIV, Cholera in Haiti.

Question 18

What is the key idea of the epidemiological transition?

Answer 18

As countries develop economically the frequency of communicable disease decreases and the prevalence on non-communicable increases.

Question 19

Why does the development of a countries economy lead to the decrease of communicable disease and growth of non-communicable disease?

Answer 19

They will have a more advanced health service to prevent communicable disease. The population gets older and contracts more non-communicable disease. When communicables are killed of non-communicables are easier to contract.

Question 20

Why might we see a rise in communicable disease in the future?

Answer 20

The world is more interconnected and so the diseases can spread more easily. Communicables are growing in resistance to drugs and so will infect more people.

Question 21

Name and outline stage 1 of the epidemiological transition.

Answer 21

Pestilence and famine: High death rate due to not very advanced healthcare. Often war and famine taking place. People living in poor conditions allows infectious diseases to easily spread to stop populations from growing. No countries are in this phase.

Question 22

Name and outline stage 2 of the epidemiological transition.

Answer 22

Receding pandemics: There is a growth in nutrition, sanitation and medical care which leads to less disease and growing population rate. Health is not evenly spread though. Most LIDCs are in this phase

Question 23

Name and outline stage 3 of the epidemiological transition.

Answer 23

Degenerative disease: People live old, inactive lifestyles so they are more likely to catch dementia, CVD, obesity, diabetes. Many EDCs are in this phase

Question 24

Name and outline stage 4 of the epidemiological transition.

Answer 24

Disease gaining resistance to medicine and more disease passing from animals to humans. Causes population decrease and more quarantine. More travel between countries. Some ACs are in this phase

Question 25

What is a deprivation cycle and give an example of one.

Answer 25

It is a cycle that traps people and communities in poverty. E.G Lack of education–> lack of qualifications –> Low paying job/ unemployment –> Children have to help family earn money/ can’t afford education—> Lack of education.

Question 26

Which cancers have the highest incidence in the UK?

Answer 26

Lung and breast cancer.

Question 27

What environmental factors cause bowel and lung cancer?

Answer 27

Tobacco consumption, radiation and bad diets. Bowel can also be caused by eating red meat, being over weight, drinking too much alcohol. Lung can also be cause by pollution and occupation.

Question 28

Which areas of the UK have the highest and lowest cancer rates?

Answer 28

Scotland has the highest with 16.4% above the national average. The East has the lowest with 10% below the national average.

Question 29

Name 5 dietary/poor lifestyle diseases prevalent in LIDCs.

Answer 29

Marasmus, kwashiorkor, rickets, scurvy, pellagra

Question 30

Name 4 infectious diseases prevalent in LIDCs.

Answer 30

Typhoid, cholera, Ebola, AIDS

Question 31

Name 6 zoonotic disease prevalent in LIDCs.

Answer 31

African trypanosomiasis, Dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever, filariasis, bilharzia.

Question 32

What caused famine in Malawi?

Answer 32

Since 2015 they have had devastating floods and drought which has led to starvation. the govt didn’t have enough resources to deal with the crisis. Humanitarian effort managed to save millions and IMF granted a loan. Did not provide a long term solution.

Question 33

What is happening to patterns of cancer in low and middle income countries?

Answer 33

Rates are rising dramatically. 70% of all cancer deaths are in low to middle income countries and incidence of cancer in poorer countries is expected to double by 2030.

Question 34

What are cancer rates per capita in Europe as opposed to Africa?

Answer 34

Europe 255 cases per 100,000

Africa- 123 per 100,000

Question 35

What is malnutrition and what causes it?

Answer 35

An unbalanced diet, often caused by protein or vitamin deficiencies.

Question 36

Give examples of diseases caused by malnutrition.

Answer 36

Protein deficiency could cause kwashiorkor and marasmus. Rickets (vitamin D), Scurvy (C), pellagra (B)

Question 37

Why does flu transmit more in the winter?

Answer 37

It transmits where the atmospheric humidity is low and when temperatures are low.

Question 38

Where is lyme disease starting to find hosts?

Answer 38

Southern Europe and even Sweden

Question 39

What regions can WNV now be found?

Answer 39

Venezuela to canada, Europe, West Asia, Australia.

Question 40

How many cases of WNV were there in the USA in 2012?

Answer 40

5,500

Question 41

What factors cause greater prevalence of zoonotic disease?

Answer 41

Where vaccination of animals is sparse, where there are many stray animals, areas of poor hygiene and sanitation, prolonged contact between humans and animals, unregulated movement of animals, greater urbanisation.