Discussion 2 Flashcards
-documents that are public in nature and that these documents are notarized by a notary public or any person authorized by law.
PUBLIC DOCUMENT
documents executed by a private individual and that this document is concerned with the contention of a private individual.
PRIVATE DOCUMENT
-documents in which authority of law or any office and/or agency of the government are its source.
OFFICIAL DOCUMENT
-documents that are concerned to commercial affairs and are in accordance with the mercantile law.
COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT
- anyone who examines adequate exemplars of document and provides conclusions, reasons, and photographic demonstration in court, so that the court can make its own determination in giving appropriate decision
FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINER
GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION ARE?
Documents with Questioned Signatures
Documents containing alleged fraudulent alterations
Holograph document questioned or disputed
Documents attached on the questions of their age or date
Document investigated on the question of type writing/computer prints
Documents or writings investigated because it is alleged that they identify some person through handwriting
From the moment that the genuineness of the document is questioned, it should be handled and cared for in manner that will not impair in the slightest degree of its
EVIDENTIARY VALUE.
The exact physical condition of every part of a suspected document should be carefully observed in detail and made a matter of definite written record and thereafter the documents should be preserved as far possible in ______
EXACTLY THE SAME CONDTION AS IT WAS FIRST SUSPECTED.
SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF EXAMINATION ARE?
A-ANALYSIS
C-COMPARISON
E-EVALUATION
recognition of the characteristics
A-ANALYSIS
- properties or characteristics are observed, measured and determined.
A-ANALYSIS
complete interpretation of characteristics.
C-COMPARISON
properties of the unknown items are compared with the familiar or recorded properties of known items.
C-COMPARISON
- correct interpretation of characteristics.
E-EVALUATION
similarities or dissimilarities in property or characteristics that have certain value for identification are determined by their likelihood or occurrence.
E-EVALUATION
Who conducts the Preliminary Examination?
- It should be conducted by a QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXPERT.
- it is the result of a very complicated series of acts being as a whole, a combination of certain form of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by a long continued painstaking effort
Handwriting
KINDS OF WRITING:
A. Cursive
B. Script
C. Block
Writing in which the letter or for the most part joint together
Cursive
Separate and printing writing
B. Script
All letters are capitalized
C. Block
Two Groups of Muscles Involve in Handwriting
- Extensor Muscles
- Flexor Muscles
Push up the pen to form the upward strokes
- Extensor Muscles
Which push the pen to form the downward strokes.
- Flexor Muscles
The delicate way in which the various muscles used in writing work together to produce written form is known as?
motor coordination
- is the analysis of the physical characteristics and patterns of handwriting purporting to be able to identify the writer, indicating psychological state at the time of writing, or evaluating personality characteristics. It is generally considered a pseudoscience.
Graphology
Act of interpret the character of personality of individual to his handwriting
Graphology
FACTORS THAT AFFECT HANDWRITING ARE?
- NATURAL VARIATIONS
- TRANSITORY CHANGE
- TREMOR
✓ The normal or usual deviations found in a repeated specimen of an individuals handwriting or in the product of any typewrite.
- NATURAL VARIATIONS
Changes which only continue to exist while the basic cause of the deterioration is still affecting the writer, once such has been removed from the writer, his writing will revert to its normal form.
- TRANSITORY CHANGE
✓ The weakening of strokes set apart by a wavering or shaky stroke. This may be due to genuine tremor caused by either sickness, weakness, old age or illiteracy or a tremor of fraud.
- TREMOR
KINDS OF TREMOR ARE?
- GENUINE TREMOR
- TREMOR OF ILLETERACY
- TREMOR OF FRAUD
show some free connecting and terminal stroke made by the momentum of the hand. This is due to sickness, weakness, disease or old age.
- GENUINE TREMOR
characterized by irregularity due to the lack of will and mental uncertainty as to the form of general clumsiness, resulting from unfamiliarity with the whole writing process.
- TREMOR OF ILLETERACY
- which is drawn even though quite perfect in general form, shows but little, if any freedom and will often show hesitation at the wrong places and tremor slowly placed.
- TREMOR OF FRAUD
TYPES OF HANDWRITING
DISGUISED WRITING
GUIDED WRITING
NATURAL WRITING
- a writing specimen that is executed deliberately with an attempt to alter the usual writing habits in order to conceal its real manner and features.
DISGUISED WRITING
also known as assisted writing. It is executed while the writers hand is steadied in a way
GUIDED WRITING
- a writing that is written normally without any attempt to control or alter its identifying habits and its usual quality of execution!
NATURAL WRITING
✓ Refers to the standard of handwriting instruction taught in particular school.
SCHOOL COPY BOOK FORM (school model)
Classes of copybook depend on the standard school copy adopted by a writer.
SCHOOL COPY BOOK FORM (school model)
THE HANDWRITING MOVEMENT ARE?
- FINGER MOVEMENT
- HAND MOVEMENT
- FOREARM MOVEMENT
- WHOLE-ARM MOVEMENT
✔ this avails the thumb, index, and middle fingers which serve as pivotal points for changing the direction of writing
✓ Usually employed by children or illiterates ✓ Basically, a push-and-pull movement
- FINGER MOVEMENT
✓ Entails the action of the hand as a whole, the point of pivot is the wrist
✓ A step further from finger movement, although the span of writing is still restricted
✓ Freedom in long strokes and continuity of motion in not possible.
- HAND MOVEMENT
✓ Produced by movement of both hand and arm and fingers in some cases with the elbow as point of pivot that changes in the direction of the strokes.
Show the greatest freedom and speed of writing.
✓ Words tend to be connected, baseline even, size of letters uniform, with smooth regular long strokes and curves.
- FOREARM MOVEMENT
✓ Involves the action of the entire arm without rest and is employed largely in green board writing.
✓ Writing produced is different from the slow drawing motion employed in simulating a model or copy
- WHOLE-ARM MOVEMENT
