Discussion 1 Flashcards
-Any material that contains marks, symbols, or sign either visible. partially visible, or invisible that may ultimately convey a meaning or message to someone. Pencil or ink writing, typewriting or printing on paper are the more usual or forms of documents
DOCUMENT
Latin word of document?
“documentum” - “lesson”, or “example”
French word of document?
“docere” to teach
- any document which some issue has been raised or that which is under scrutiny) It is a document that has been questioned in whole or in part with respect to its authenticity, identity, origin, or its relation among its parts and other things.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
it is also defined as any signatures, handwriting, typewriting, or other mark whose source or authenticity is in dispute or doubtful. Letters, checks, driver licenses, contracts, wills, voter registrations, passports, petitions, threatening letters, suicide notes, and lottery tickets are the most common questioned documents, although marks are the most common questioned documents, although marks on doors, walls, windows, or boards would also be included by definition.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
- a term for a forensic science discipline pertaining to documents that are potentially disputed in a court of law. Its primary purpose is to provide evidence about a suspicious or questionable document using scientific processes and methods.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
Who is the Father of Document Examination?
ALBERT OSBORN & WILSON R. HARRISON -
made the efforts on the development of questioned document examination both in the field and its acceptance by the courts
ALBERT OSBORN & WILSON R. HARRISON
- gained the fame as the “FATHER OF MODERN DOCUMENT EXAMINATION”
ALBERT OSBORN
- in his book “The Law of Disputed and Forged Documents”, states that “Forgery practiced in the earliest times in every country where writing was the medium of communication
J.NEWTON BAKER
- an earliest skill full forger in his time
TITUS
-berated Anthony for making profits by counterfeiting handwriting.
CICERO
- a most sensational case where detected through document examination that the diaries are to be forged.
HITLER DIARIES
The word “paper” is etymologically derived from
“papyrus”.
Ancient Greek for paper
Cyperus papyrus plant
is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing long before the making of paper in China
Papyrus
are plants pressed and dried, while paper is made from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration or disintegration.
Papyrus
→ is a “wood” like material primarily used for writing, first invented in ancient China. Although contemporary precursors such as papyrus and amate existed in the Mediterranean world and pre-Columbian America’s, respectively, these materials are not defined as true paper.
Paper
The first paper-making process was documented in ______
China during Eastern Han period (25-220 C.E.) traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun.
During this century Chinese paper-making spread to the Islamic world.
18th century
In this century paper-making was brought to medieval Europe, where it was refined with the earliest known paper mills utilizing waterwheels,
11th century
it was refined with the earliest known paper
mills utilizing waterwheels,
Later Western improvements to the paper making process came in the this century with the invention of wood-based papers.
19th century
→in this century Chinese paper was first introduced to Medieval India , however
the uses of paper was not widespread there until the 12th century.
India, 17th century.
is a water-powered mill that ponds the pulp by the use of trip-hammers.
The mechanized of the pounding process was an important improvement in paper manufacture over the manual pounding with hand pestle.
paper mill
TYPES OF PAPER
Writing paper pads
Carbon paper
Safety paper
Bond papers
Stationaries, colored and perfumed
-common paper.
WRITING PAPER PADS
- heavily coated with waxy layer which hold sufficient coloring matter to give clearly defined transferred impression in use.
CARBON PAPER
- paper which have been treated in such a way as to minimize the chances of a successful forgery by erasure.
SAFETY PAPER
- commonly used in typing and writing documents.
◇ BOND PAPERS
- commonly used for special letter.
◇ STATIONARIES, COLORED AND PERFUMED
were used as instruments for writing with ink before the metal dip pen, the fountain pen, and eventually the ballpoint pen came into use.
Quills
were used in medieval times to write in parchment or paper.
Quill pens
is cut from a reed or bamboo, with a slit in a narrow tip
reed pen
(firstly appeared in Seville, Spain) were the writing instrument from 600 to 1800 AD.
Quill Pens
◇ was invented independently in France and Australia.
Pencil lead
◇ has been patented in 1803 but patent was not commercially exploited.
metal pen point
came into common use in the 1830s
Steel nibs
While a student in Paris, who invented the fountain pen, which the French Government patented in May 1827.
Fountain pen patents and production then increased in the 1850s.
Romanian Petrache Poenaru
◇ The first patent on a ballpoint pen was issued on ____ to _____
October 30, 1888, to John J Loud.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING INSTRUMENT
Roman Beaver
The Reed Pen (still used in the orient)
The Goose-Quill of or great grandfathers
The Steel Pen (still widely used today)
An early type of fountain pen
The ballpoint pen
- the early form of ink prepared by the ancient Chinese and Egyptians.
CARBON INK
invented according to legend by the Chinese and Egyptians.
The ink
invented according to legend by the Chinese Philosopher Tien Lcheu (2697 BCE)
The ink
-in his De Coloribus et Artibus Romanurom, presented a set of directions for making several types of carbon ink made from soot of burning resin or inks wood where different types of it creates different colored inks
HERACLIUS
- presented a recipe for carbon ink.
THEOPHILUS
is a fluid or a viscous material or preparation of various kinds used in writing or printing
INK
COMMON FLUID WRITING INK TODAY ARE?
Iron Gallotannates
Synthetic dye inks
Carbon blacks
made by grinding carbon in the form of vegetable char with varnish made of natural gums and drying oils.
PRINTING INK
often contains carbon and this fact should borne in mind when it is required to decipher faint cancellation marks on postage stamps or wrappers.
CANCELING INK
- discovered in a way that when soluble salts of iron mixed with extracts from vegetable materials such as tan bark and nut-galls. This dark liquid was found to be more suitable for use with the contemporary invented type of pen, the quill.
◇ IRON-TANNIN INK
-synthetic dyestuff from the basis of practically all colored inks whether intended for use in fountain pens or not. →
◇ COLORED INK
is substantially a concentrated record ink to which has been added chemical such as glycerin or dextrin.
COPYING INK
formerly in extensive use but rarely encountered today. About 80 percent of writing ink is dyestuff ink, the reminder being iron-tannin.
LOGWOOD INK
-consist of a layer of either a gelatine glycerol mixture of special clay. The document to be copied is heavily written with special ink which consists of suitable dyestuff mixed with glucose, glycerol or a glycol, whose function is to assist the transfer ink. When the document is placed face down upon the gelatin or clay surface, some of the dye is absorbed by it. When the document is replaced by a sheet of absorbent paper, some of the dye stuff migrates from gelatin to the paper to form a copy of the original.
HECTOGRAPH INK
- these inks are very similar to hectographs inks except that they are heavily loaded with humectants, such as glycerol or glycol, which prevent the pad from drying up. Some of the quick drying stamp-pad inks contain solvent such as acetone, methyl alcohol or ethyl acetate.
STAMP-PAD INKS
- the success of the ball-point pen has been bound with the provision of suitable inks.
BALL-POINT INK
- is an ordinary ballpoint pen with a fluid containing finely divided carbon substituted for the usual dyestuff containing ink
LIQUID-LEAD PENCIL INK
- any material which contain marks, symbols or signs either visible or invisible that may ultimately convey a meaning or message to someone, pencil or ink, typewriting or printing on paper are the most usual forms of documents.
DOCUMENT
- a term suggesting that there is an argument or controversy over the documents.
DISPUTED DOCUMENT
- any document completely written and signed by one person
Holographic DOCUMENT
-a legal term used to describe a witness who by reason of his special training or experience is permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue, or a certain aspect of the issue, which involved a court action
EXPERT WITNESS
◇ - it is the study of early writings, old and ancient scripts. It also focuses on writings done on papyrus, parchment, vellum, etc.
PALEOGRAPHY
- writings and drawings printed on the surface of the rocks.
PETROGRAMS
◇ - ability to write with both left and right
AMBIDEXTROUS
- is the first form of written communication which started as far as 20,000 ago by the Neolithic man was graphically represented by arranged objects and drawings on the walls of the caves and big stones.
ICONOGRAPHS
- represented by pictures and became signs.
PICTOGRAPHS
- a kind of picture writing used by the Egyptians.
HIEROGLYPHICS
- a system of writing invented by the Sumerians that used wedge- shape symbols.
CUNEIFORM
- are correspondence/ writing for the public
SCRIBES
◆ -writing or images on the walls of public area. Most often prohibited by law.
.
PETROGLYPHS
- characterized as bad writing.
CACOGRAPHY
- is the art of beautiful writing.
CALIGRAPHY
- the quality of skill and execution of some artistic works.
TECHNIQUE
-in legal language, the document examiners conclusion.
OPINION
- a consed and compact set of authentic specimens which, if adequate inform and proper should contain a true cross section of the material from a known source
STANDARD
- handwriting executed from day in the course of personal, business and social affairs of life.
COLLECTED STANDARDS
- handwriting executed upon request of the
investigator for the sole purpose of comparison.
REQUESTED STANDARDS
- writings produced by the subject after evidential writings have come into dispute and solely for the purpose of establishing his contentions.
POST LITEM M OTAM STANDARD
- any document completely written and signed by one person.In number of jurisdiction, a holographic will can be probated without any one having witness its execution.
HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT
- the removal of writings, typewriting or printing, from a document. It may be accomplished by either of two means
ERASURE
