Discuss a biological approach to interpersonal relationships.

Question 1

Intro

Answer 1

The study of interpersonal relationships from a biological perspective delves into the intricate interplay between our biology, genetics, and physiological processes, and how they shape our connections with others. This approach recognizes that human beings are biological organisms with complex biological systems that influence our behaviors, emotions, and social interactions. By examining the biological underpinnings of interpersonal relationships, researchers seek to uncover the physiological mechanisms and genetic factors that contribute to our social bonds. This approach considers how hormones, brain structures, genetics, and evolutionary principles play a role in attraction, attachment, and relationship dynamics. By exploring the biological aspects of interpersonal relationships, we can gain a deeper understanding of the fundamental biological processes that underlie our social connections and contribute to our overall well-being.

Question 2

Study 1 Johnston 2001

Answer 2

Johnston
The aim of the study conducted by Johnston et al. (2001) was to investigate female preferences for facial features associated with high levels of testosterone. The researchers sought to determine whether female preferences for certain facial characteristics changed during the ovulation phase, which is associated with a higher likelihood of pregnancy.
Procedure:
The study involved 42 female participants from New Mexico State University. The participants were asked to manipulate faces presented on a computer screen until they reached an optimal “target” face that they considered most attractive. The researchers specifically examined whether the female participants’ preferences for facial features associated with high testosterone levels varied during their ovulation phase compared to other phases of the menstrual cycle.
Results:
The results of the study indicated that when females were in their ovulation phase, they exhibited a stronger preference for facial features that are associated with high levels of testosterone. These features may include a more masculine jawline, prominent cheekbones, and a more angular face structure. The findings suggest that during the ovulation phase, females tend to find these facial characteristics more attractive, potentially because high testosterone levels in males are correlated with better health and genetic fitness.

Strengths:
The study employed a controlled experimental design, allowing for the manipulation of facial features and direct comparison of preferences.
The research focused on a specific aspect of interpersonal attraction and provided insights into the influence of hormonal changes on preferences.
The findings contribute to the understanding of evolutionary factors that may shape mate preferences and selection.
Limitations:
The study sample consisted of a specific group of participants from a single university, which limits the generalizability of the findings to other populations.
The study relied on self-reporting and subjective judgments of attractiveness, which may be influenced by individual biases or cultural factors.
The study focused solely on facial features associated with high testosterone levels and did not consider other factors that contribute to interpersonal attraction, such as personality traits or social dynamics.

Question 3

Buss

Answer 3

Aim:
To investigate mate preferences and test evolutionary hypotheses regarding attraction and mate selection.

Procedure:
A correlational study was conducted using a large sample of 10,047 adult participants from 33 countries, representing 37 cultures.
Participants completed surveys rating and ranking 18 different mate characteristics, including partner age preferences and various traits related to mate selection.
Ratings were done on a scale from 0 (irrelevant/unimportant) to 3 (indispensable), and rankings were assigned from 1 to 13 based on desirability.
Data was collected by residents of each country and analyzed by Buss.

Results:
Cross-cultural universal features in mate preferences were found, such as desiring partners who were kind, understanding, intelligent, dependable, and healthy.
Sex differences in mate preferences were observed:
Females rated ‘good financial prospects’ and ‘ambition and industriousness’ higher than males.
Males rated ‘physical attractiveness’ higher than females.
Preferred age differences in spouses indicated males preferred relatively younger partners, while females preferred relatively older partners.
These findings supported evolutionary hypotheses related to sexual selection, resource acquisition, reproductive potential, and mate investment.

BAB:
The identified preferences, such as seeking mates with good financial prospects, physical attractiveness, and reproductive potential, align with evolutionary theories that emphasize the importance of genetic fitness and reproductive success. These preferences can be linked to biological mechanisms, including hormonal influences and genetic predispositions, which guide individuals in selecting partners who are most likely to ensure their own reproductive success and the survival of their offspring. Additionally, the observed sex differences in mate preferences, such as males prioritizing physical attractiveness and females valuing resource acquisition, reflect adaptive behaviors shaped by evolutionary pressures.