discourse Flashcards
deixis
word or phrase that points to a time, place or situation in which a speaker is speaking: can be expressed w pn, det, adv and tense
personal deixis= pn eg I, you
spatial deixis= this/that, here/there
temporal diexis= now, then, yesterday, last month
factors that contribute to text’s coherence- navigation:
inference
require background information to fully understand and comprehend
factors that contribute to text’s coherence- navigation:
logical order
sequencing; usually from more general / background to more detail and specific ideas and then possibly to related ideas
factors that contribute to text’s coherence- navigation:
formatting and layout
eg:
bold, italics, font size, font script, underline, columns, tables, dot-points, paragraphing, alignment, symbols, brackets, hyperlinks
factors that contribute to text’s coherence- navigation:
consistency
of tense, semantic field (provide consistent understanding of domain), person (maintain consistent perspective)
factors that contribute to text’s cohesion- connecting:
synonymy and antonymy
synonymy= link ideas by reinforcing an idea
antonymy= link ideas by providing a contrast
factors that contribute to text’s cohesion- connecting:
hyponymy
creates a link by highlighting the relationship and hierarchy between general and specific items and/or by classifying items
test= ‘is X a kind of Y’ - x is the hyponym and y is the hypernym
eg The painting has reds, yellows and blues
red, yellow and blue= hyponyms of colour
factors that contribute to a text’s cohesion- connecting:
collocation
build an expectation of what is coming next by linking items in a familiar way
eg It’s the bread and _ (butter)
Merry _(Christmas)
factors that contribute to a text’s cohesion- connecting:
repetition
deliberate repetitions reinforces an idea
ft of spoken discourse- management:
openings and closings
ritualistic greetings; scripted; semi-planned
eg good morning all, ladies and gentlemen, acknowledgement of country
ft of spoken discourse- management:
adjacency pairs
2/3 part exchange
- Qu and Ans
- offer and refusal/acceptance
-statement and acknowledgement
ft of spoken discourse:
interogative tags
interrogative element added to end of declarative or imperative
confirm if something is true or not/ encourage a reply
eg …,aren’t they?
support postive face - builds rapport, feel validated, opinion on matter can be expressed, sednse of closeness.
ft of spoken discourse- navigation:
discourse particles
type of discourse marker, express attitude
eg soften/ strengthen arguments (yeah-nah or yeah-no)
express uncertainty- hedging (sort of, a bit, like)
quotative way (he was like …)
can support negative face - soften force. slightly redirect but maintain meaning.
discourse markers
organise and manage ideas
eg (speaking) so, right, you know, I mean
(writing) firstly, secondly, moreover, in conclusion, on the other hand
ft of spoken discourse- management:
non-fluency ft
filled pauses/voiced hesitation, repetitions, false starts, repairs, fillers, pauses
strategies in spoken discourse- management:
topic management
discourse makers, noun phrases, pauses, sentence types, topic loops
strategies in spoken discourse- management:
turn-taking
taking and passing/relinquish the floor: prosody, vocatives, interrogative tags, discourse markers
holding the floor: fillers, prosodic, parataxis
parataxis
placing clauses/ phrases one after another without subordination/co-ordination
eg tell me, how are you?
strategies in spoken discourse- management:
minimal responses/back-channelling
shows listening and agreement
eg okay, mmm, right
can suport postive face - engaging wiht someone, showing interest, signals closeness, allows hearer to feel acknowleged.
connectimg:
subject-specific lexis
semantic fiels draws connections within and throughout the text
allows identification of correct meaning of polysemous words
discourse language
link/ connect/ tie together
managemnet/ navigation/ organise
signpost/ reinforce/ show relationship bw
reference/ refer
directs
consistency
signal
sequencing
strategies of spoken discourse
TTM (talk to me)
topic management, turn-taking, minimal responses/back channelling
factors that contribute to a text’s coherence
FLICCc
cohesion, consistency, conventions, logical ordering, inference, formatting
overt politeness markers
apolgies, please and thank you.
can support negative face - rectify breaches, acknowleges hearers decision in matter.
pragmatic tags
eh? yeah? innit? no?
support postive face - need to be validated, fosters closeness, supports own postive face needs.
factors contributing to text’s cohesion: information flow
=arrangement of a sentence
includes: clafting, end focus and front focus
factors contributing to text’s cohesion: information flow
=arrangement of a sentence
includes: clafting, end focus and front focus
cleft
it cleft - dumS + V+S+rel pronoun+clause
what cleft - what +SNcl+V+NP [complement]
end focus
principle of end wieght, places material with higher comm. value at end. , existental sentence- can create end focus.
controls what readers are focusing – prominence.
can be authorative in nature, reserve infomation - build suspense.
front focus
highlight beginning of sentence - fronting - greater prominence for elements that would come later - fronting/inversion/passive voice.
cresates attention, achieved through less visual syntatic structure - marked syntax
