Disciplines Of Social Science Flashcards
Studies human culture and evolution.
Anthropology
Is the study of humans; the social science that seeks to understand human origins and adaptation; and the diversity of cultures and worldviews.
Anthropology
The word ‘Anthropology’ comes from the Greek words:
- Anthropos (human)
- logos (study)
The father of cultural anthropology. He defined anthropology as the “science of culture,” which was the first time that culture had been declared as an object of study.
Edward Burnett Tylor
A lawyer by training and profession, who became fascinated with the land disputes between the United States government and the American-Indian people as the Iroquois.
Lewis Henry Morgan
Was one of the key figures who did not use science to justify racism.
Franz Boas
The attitude that one’s own group, ethnicity, or nationality is superior to others.
Ethnocentrism
Is the view that ethical and social standards reflect the cultural context from which they are derived.
Cultural relativism
Two types of Anthropology:
- Biological anthropology
- Cultural anthropology
The study of the human past using material remains.
Archaeology
About how wealth is used and managed.
Economics
‘Economics’ comes from the Greek words:
- Oikos (house)
- Nomos (custom or law)
Focuses on small-scale market interactions that transpire between individuals consisting of business firms and households.
Microeconomics
Focuses on analysing the determinants of national income. This approach allows for the aggregation of individual responses and behaviour within market systems.
Macroeconomics
Focuses on understanding the interconnections between the concepts of rationality, individualism, and equilibrium.
Mainstream Economics
It focuses on the interconnection of concepts like institutions, history, and social structure.
Heterodox Economics
An umbrella term that refers to the exploration and understanding of the processes and interactions related to the production and consumption of goods within a market system.
Economic Theory
Utilizes economic theories and formulas to real-world scenarios with the goal of predicting possible events that would affect the individuals within the economic system.
Applied Economics
Viewed as the descriptive form of economics wherein its chief aim is to describe and explain economic phenomena and behaviour.
Positive Economics
Is often assigned with welfare economics, as it is focused on providing explanations and arguments on how economic policies should be.
Normative Economics
Theory on wages and profit, the labor theory of value, the theory of comparative, and the theory of rents. Laissez-faire.
David Ricardo.
He helped develop the ideas of economics of scale, opportunity cost, and comparative advantage in trade.
John Stuart Mill
The father of Modern Economics
Adam Smith
Critic of Capitalism
Karl Marx
The study of the Earth’s surface; a specialized investigation of the physical structure of the Earth; including its terrain and its climates, and the nature and characteristics of its consisting inhabited portions.
Geography
The term ‘Geography’ comes from the Greek words:
- Geo (earth, land, or ground)
- Graphia (to write, an art, or a study)
A pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, biologist, and astronomer. He is also considered as one of the first, if not the first, geographer.
Anaximander
a Greek geographer who coined the term geographia, which was also the title of his 17-volume series on geographical studies.
Strabo
Using geometry, he became the first to have calculated accurately the circumference of the Earth.
Eratosthenes
Compiled and summarized in Geographike Hyphegesis (Guide to geography) all known information of geography of his time. One of his most important contributions to geography was the formulation of map coordinates by utilizing and developing the concepts of latitude and longitude.
Ptolemy
An Arab geographer and descendant of Prophet Mohammed, who collected all known geographical information of his time.
Edrisi
Was a Morroccan explorer who published his 30-year journey, in his book Rihla (Journey)
Ibn Battuta
Studies past events and their causes and effects.
History
The writing of history. Can be seen in cuneiform and hieroglyphics.
Historiography
System of writing used in the ancient Middle East, first developed by the ancient Sumeriana of Mesopotamia.
Cuneiform
A character used in a system of pictorial writing. Particularly, that form used ancient Egyptian monuments.
Hieroglyphics
The father of History
Herodotus
A Greek philosopher, historian, and general. He is known as the Father of Scientific History as his History of The Peloponnesian was (431 BCR) recounted events, based on evidence and analysis. His works, as he described it in his introduction, narrated facts without it becoming fictional by using gods and dieties as reference.
Thucydides
Focuses on the study of belief systems, customs, social froms, political systems, material traits, and economic activities of a group or community usually for the purpose of cross comparison with others.
Cultural History
Is concerned with the study of particular kinds of phenomena such as family and marriage, adolescence, and work and leisure through the use of sociological theories and approaches.
Social History
Looks into the history of ideas and theories. Historiography is one of its primary subfields wherein the development of schools and approaches are documented.
Intellectual History
The study of language and its structure.
Linguistics
Individuals who study language are called:
Linguists
Three principal components of linguistics:
- Sound
- Structure
- Meaning
Studies human speech
Phonetics
Studies principles governing sound system of language.
Phonology
Studies language structure from its morphic units of root words.
Morphology
Studies sentence structure, such as grammar.
Syntax
Studies the logic and meaning of words and phrases.
Semantics
Studies the use of language and its effects to society.
Pragmatics
Otherwise known as diachronic linguistics. Studies how a particular language changed over time.
Historical Linguistics
Examines how language is used in relation to peoples sociocultural environment.
Sociolinguistics
Analyzes the development of language acquisition, language retention, and language loss and bilingualism.
Development Linguistics
Studies the physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes information in relation to language.
Neurolinguistics
Studies society and human relationships.
Sociology
Father of sociology. Introduced positivism.
Auguste Comte
One of the pioneers of social Darwinism.
Herbert Spencer.
Studies populations statistically.
Demography
Founder of Demography. Created the life table.
John Graunt
Examined population growth.
Benjamin Franklin
Influenced by Franklin. Analyzed population and economic growth.
Thomas Malthus.
The procedure of systematically acquiring, recording, and calculating population information about the members of a given population.
Census
Moving within a state, country, or continent.
Internal migration
Moving to a different state, country, or continent.
External Migration
Investigates human mind and behaviour.
Psychology
Experimental psychology.
Wilhelm Wundt
Pragmatism. Functionalism.
William James
Watsonian behaviourism
John Watson
Operant and Classical Conditioning
B.F Skinner
Psychoanalysis: the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind.
Sigmund Freud.
