Disability, Impairment & Functioning Flashcards
Define disability
a functional limitation w/ regard to a particular activity
Define Impairment
a problem w/ a structure or organ of the body
Define functioning
the normal or proper action of any part or organ
How do environmental factors contribute to disability?
Presence or absence of factors in environment can create disability:
-If physical environment is not accessible
-Lack of relevant assistive technology (assistive, adaptive & rehabilitative devices)
-Negative attitudes of people towards disability
-Services, systems & policies that are either non-existent or that hinder involvement of all people w/ health condition in all areas of life
Best approach to working with people with disability?
- Be patient centered,
- consider social barriers that a patient might face in their everyday life.
- explore wants & wishes
- how they can have timely access to the care & support, which maintain & improve their quality of life.
- how as a clinician, you can best support each patient.
What are the models of disability?
- Medical model
- Social model
- Psychological
- ICF model
What is medical model?
Regarded disability as a direct consequence of underlying disease/disorder)
Therefore, reductions in disability can only be achieved by treating underlying pathology
What are the critiques for the medical model?
Traditional model engenders stigamatising language
Model does not recognise social & psychological factors
Does not distinguish between impairment & disability
Pathology is a poor predictor of disability e.g. joint degeneration is a poor predictor of mobility disability in people with osteoarthritis
What is the social model?
Idea that disability as a form of social oppression, caused by disabling environments.
- environment has not been adapted to person w/ disability
Disability seen in environment:
- inaccessible transport, buildings, education, employment opportunities
- behaviour of other people towards them
A person may be less disabled when activity is supported than in a protective social environment (there is evidence that compassionate attention to activity limitations can increase levels of disability)
What are the critiques of the social model?
Does not take into account psychological aspects of impairment
Doesn’t consider pain or frailty
Doesn’t allow for idea that people are disabled by both environment & their body
What is the psychological model?
Activities performed by someone w/ a health condition are influenced by the same psychological processes that affect performance w/out disabilities
- Individuals will be motivated to engage in activities they like it, thus believing they can do it & thus overcoming disability
psychological processes affect how activities are performed by people w/ disabilities
2 people w/ identical medical conditions, who live in same social & environmental situations, may face different activity limitations because of their cognitions & emotions for coping strategies
Evidence to suggest that psychological factors can predict disability outcome
- Can result in better prognosis of condition due to strong belief of recovery
What is the ICF model?
international classification of functioning mode, WHO, 2001
Disability & functioning are seen as multi-dimensional concepts, seeing environments as being more disabling or less disabling
Identifies 3 components for management
- Impairments to body function & structures- accommodates medical model
- Activity limitations- accommodates social & psychological models
- Peoples participation- which is affected by personal & environmental factors- accommodates social & psychological models
https://www.notion.so/Models-8955ab4606a045889898792359568148
