Diptera of Economic Importance Flashcards
Nematocera members
Simuliidae
Ceratopogonidae
Psychodidae
Culicidae
Simuliidae
Black flies
Blood-feeding females. Aquatic larvae.
Onchocerciasis
Ceratopogonidae
Biting midges
Blood-feeding adults. Painful bite.
Vectors of many diseases
Psychodidae
Sand flies
Blood-feeding females. Phelbotomine sandflies are serious vectors of leishmaniasis
Culicidae
Mosquitoes
Blood-feeding females. Aquatic larvae. Vectors of malaria, yellow fever, dengue, encephalitis, filariasis
Simulium posticatum
Blanford fly
Nuisance in parts of England
Culicoides impunctatus
The HIghland Midge
Blue Tongue Virus
Orbivirus sp.
All ruminants, including sheep, cattle, deer, goats and camelids
First described in South Africa reached Europe in 1999, UK in 2007
Cattle are reservoir hosts, sheep most affected (up to 70% mortality)
Spread by the biting midge Culicoides imicola
3 main forms of leishmaniasis
Visceral/Kala-azar
Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous
Culicine Eggs
Laid singly or in rafts
Anopheline Eggs
Laid singly and possess floats
Anopheline Larvae
No siphon. Lie parallel to surface.
Abdominal palmate hairs and tergalplates. Surface feeder
Culicine Larvae
Short/long respiratory siphon
No palmate hairs/tergal plates
Anopheline Pupae
Breathing trumpets short and broad.
Abdominal spines on segments 2-7, 3-7
Culicine Pupae
Breathing trumpets narrower and more cylindrical. No spines
Anopheline Adults
Rest at angle. Dark and pale scales on wing veins arranged in blocks.
Female palps as long as proboscis.
Males with palps clubbed at ends
Culicine Adults
Rest parallel. Scales not arranged in blocks.
Female palps much shorter than proboscis.
Male palps as long as proboscis, but never clubbed
Types of Mosquito Control
Chemical
Physical
Genetic
Biological
Chemical Mosquito Control`
– Larvicides such as oils, IGRs (methoprene).
– Various chemicals used against adults.
– Residual house spraying, impregnated sleeping nets
Physical Mosquito Control
– Eradication of breeding sites.
– Personal protection against adults (screens & nets)
Genetic Mosquito Control
Chemosterilised males
Biological Mosquito Control
– Larvivorous fish (e.g.Gambusia) or aquatic insect larvae (e.g. Toxorhynchites
mosquito)
– Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
– intracellular bacteria, Wolbachia
Tabanidae
Horse flies/clegs
Blood-feeding females.
Painful bite; allergic reactions; may also vector diseases
Asilidae
Robber or assassin flies
Predaceous adults and larvae
Empidae
Dance flies
Predaceous adults and larvae
Dolichopodidae
Long-legged flies
Predaceous adults and larvae
Muscidae
House fly, stable fly
Animal fluid and blood-feeders are serious pests and vectors of diseases
Glossinidae
Tsetse fly
Females are larviparous
Musca sorbens
Bazaar or eye-seeking fly
Mechanical vector
Trachoma is an infectious disease caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
Callophoridae
Blowflies (blue/greenbottles)
Many callophorids carry enteric diseases
Myiasis - larvae feeding on tissues of vertebrates
Sarcophagidae
Flesh flies
Many are carrion-feeders
Some cause myiasis
Females may be larviparous
Oestridae
Bot & warble flies
Larvae are endoparasites of mammals, including livestock
Tachinidae
Parasitic flies
Larvae parasitic on other animals including pest species
Hippoboscidae
Louse flies
Ectoparasites on birds and mammals; larviparous and often wingless adults (e.g. Sheep Ked)
