Diphthongs and Phonetic Sciences Flashcards
What is phonetics? What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?
the study of the production of speech sounds, their form (articulations), substance (acoustic properties), and perception
phonetics focuses on production of speech sounds
phonology focuses on the lnguistic or phonological rules that are used to specify the manner in which speech sounds are organized into meaningful units such as syllables, words, and sentences.
APE CHP
What are the branches of phonetics?
historical - study of sound changes in words over time
physiological/articulatory - study of the function of speech organs during speaking and their individula roles
acoustic - study of the differences in frequency, intensity, and duration of consonants and vowels
perceptual - study of a listener’s psychoacoustic response (perception) of speech with regard to loudness, pitch, perceived length, and quality
experimental - the lab study of physiological, acoustic, and perceptual phonetics
clinical or applied - study and transcription of abberent or non-normal speech behaviors, a big part of SLP.
no cute boys bye cow bay
List the diphthongs
What distinguishes Speech from Language?
- Speech is equal to…..
= Articulation
= Motor Control
= Physical movements
-
Language = Systems/symbolic systems
a) Phonology specific to sound production
Overall, what is speech, it’s patterns, conversions, and how its studied?
A. A pattern of movements
B. A pattern of acoustic vibrations
C. The conversion of language to sound
–speech is the motor production of the
language system–
D. Studied by observing the movements and
by recording the acoustic signal
What are graphemes/orthography?
What are allographs, silent letters, and digraphs?
What does the phonetic alphabet represent?
Graphemes/Orthography: Printed Letters
- One letter often represents more than one speech sound: “c” in “cent” and “car;” “o” in “cod,” “bone,” “women,” “bough,” “through,” “above.”
-
Allographs
a. Different letter sequences or patterns that
represent the same sound.
b. e.g., the sound “ooo” or /u/ can be spelled
orthographically as: loop, through, threw, fruit,
canoe.
- Silent letters: written letters that represent no sound: know, bite, khaki, plumb
- Digraphs: pairs of letters representing one sound: “shoe,” “steak,” “tissue,” “heed.”
Phonetic Alphabet
- One symbol = one perceived sound
What are the six systems of language?
Phonology
Morphology
Semantics
Syntax
Pragmatics
Prosody
Define phonology. How do we define and apply the study of phonetics?
What is a phoneme? What are minimal pairs? What are the different ways we can write phonemes? What creates phonetic differences between words? What are allophones and complementary distribution?
phonology - the systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language; the study of the linguistic rules that specify the manner in which phonemes are organized and combined into syllables, words, and sentences.”
We defined the study of “phonetics” as…
The study of the production of speech sounds: their form (articulations), substance (acoustic properties) and perception.
The application of this study to a better understanding and improvement of linguistic expression
Phoneme - A Family of sounds that signals a change in meaning; it differentiates morphemes (/l/ vs. /b/–”look” vs. “book”
- minimal pairs - words that vary by only one phoneme
Allophone - A sound change that does not signal a change in meaning
-say “pop.” Say it again with unaspirated “p”. These are two allophones of /p/ phoneme
Phonetic Differences between words: constrained by the other sounds around the phoneme. This is the phonemic environment and it can create a phonetic difference.
Complementary Distribution - Allophones that must be produced in a certain way due to other sounds in the word. Not interchangeable.
“key” vs. “koo” (compare k’s) (Vowel Context).
“get” vs. “got” (compare /g/’s) (vowel context).
“ball” vs. “lip” (compare /l/’s) (Vowel context).
Free Variation - Allophones that are not linked to phonetic context and are interchangeable.
-the “pop” example above or /t/ in “hit” can be aspirated or unaspirated. You can do what you want.
Systematic Narrow Transcription - or allophonic transcription is used. Diacritical markers are part of this. [kip¬] vs [kip]
Minimal Pairs - A change in a phoneme that changes a morpheme.
- Words that vary by a single phoneme
- E.g., look/book and through/brew
What is morphology? What is a morpheme? Describe bound and free morphemes.
Morphology-word structure/ meaningful sequences of sounds
Morpheme - Smallest Unit of Language which carries meaning
Plural “s”; regular verb endings such as
“-ed” (walked), “-ing” (walking); prefixes such as “pre-” (prepaid) and “re-” (reread); suffixes such as “–tion” (constitution) and “–ive” (talkative)
3) Irregular past tense (i.e., ran, threw, ate) and irregular plurals (i.e., mice, men, geese) are considered to be only one morpheme.
B. Bound and Free Morphemes
1) Cat (free) (stand alone and carry meaning)
2) Plural suffix: “s” (bound) (carry no meaning when standing alone)
What are aspects of semantics?
Semantics- Meaning, word knowledge, Vocabulary, Meanings of both words and sentences
What do the rules syntax concern when it comes to sentences?
Syntax- This is related to Grammar
- Order/sentence structure
- Rules of sentence/phrase formation.
“The blue car.” vs. “The car blue.”
“Turn on the lamp.” “Turn the lamp on.”
What is pragmatics? What are aspects of pragmatics that kids on the autism spectrum struggle with?
Pragmatics—The functional use of language between speaker(s) and listener(s) for effective communication
First name vs. last name, etc.
How we utilize/manipulate other areas of language (i.e., syntax, semantics, phonology, etc.) in social settings (code switching)
Autism struggles with…
Eye contact
Proximity
Presupposition
Greeting/Closure
Conversational Skills (turn taking, topic maintenance, initiation, etc.)
butter…
What is prosody? What does prosody have the most impact on?
Prosody-rate, stress patterns, pauses
-e.g., for stress:
“I WANT some butter.”
“I want some BUTTER.”
“I want some BUTTER?”
Study regarding grammatically correct productions produced with incorrect prosody vs. Non-grammatically correct productions produced with correct prosody
Prosody had more impact on correct perception than grammar
What are Some Disorder Areas related to systems of language?
Language Learning Disabilities (usually all aspects of language are affected-spoken and written. Difficulty with academics.) Many of the systems of language may be affected.
Specific Language Impairment (does not exhibit the academic difficulties of LLD). Perhaps only one of the systems of language is affected.
Dyslexia or specific reading disability. Phonology may be affected.
Social Pragmatics Disorder
Articulation
Voice
Fluency
Aphasia
Apraxia
What are the Types of clients and the environments SLP’s work in?
Clients - Language Delayed/Disabled, Autistic, SpeechDelayed (Articulation/Phonology), Apraxic, Post Stroke, Traumatic Brain Injury, Cleft palate, Accent Modification
Environments - Private Practices, Clinics, Schools, Hospitals, Homes, Traveler
