Consonants Flashcards
Resonant (_______) consonants are vowel-like. Composed of ______, ______, and _______. Resonance happens throughout entire ______ ______.
Non Resonant (________) consonants have minimal vocal ________ and are composed of _______, ________, and _______.
Voiced consonants have two sound sources, ________ and ______ ______. Resonance occurs at _______ ______ and just _______ to obstruction (source and filter).
Voiceless consonant sound source is solely at the point of _________ in the ______ ______.
Resonant (Sonorant) consonants are vowel-like. Composed of nasals, liquids, and glides. Resonance happens throughout entire vocal tract.
Non Resonant (Obstruent) consonants have minimal vocal resonance and are composed of stops, fricatives, and affricates.
Voiced consonants have two sound sources, obstruction AND vocal folds. Resonance occurs at vocal folds and just anterior to obstruction (source and filter).
Voiceless consonant sound source is solely at the point of constriction in the vocal tract.
Stops are formed by a complete closure of the ______ ______.
Airflow is temporarily ________
Air _______ builds up behind the point of ________.
Release produces a stop, ______, or ______ (all the same)
________ is closed in order for ______ pressure to build.
Stops are formed by a complete closure of the vocal tract.
Airflow is temporarily blocked
Air pressure builds up behind the point of closure.
Release produces a stop, burst, or plosive (all the same)
Velopharynx is closed in order for oral pressure to build.
Closing and opening movements are the fastest movements in speech.
Seven Stop Consonants…
Closing and opening movements are the fastest movements in speech.
Seven Stop Consonants…
The ____ is used when the _______ stop is “somewhere between” the voiced and voiceless stop.
Examples:
“better” “static”
This is an allophone of /_/ and /_/
It is a very _______ movement of the tongue tip against the _______ ______ creating a very brief _____ consonant
The tap is used when the alveolar stop is “somewhere between” the voiced and voiceless stop.
Examples:
“better” “static”
This is an allophone of /t/ and /d/
It is a very rapid movement of the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge creating a very brief stop consonant
Nasals are formed by complete closure of _____ ______ and an open _______ so voicing energy (air) travels through the ______.
Three Nasals…
Nasals are formed by complete closure of oral cavity and an open velopharynx so voicing energy (air) travels through the nose.
Three Nasals…
Fricatives are sounds produced with a _______ constriction through which air escapes with a continuous ______.
_______ form the narrow _______ and air _______ builds up behind the ________.
The velopharynx is ______.
9 fricatives…
Fricatives are sounds produced with a narrow constriction through which air escapes with a continuous noise.
Articulators form the narrow constriction and air pressure builds up behind the constriction.
The velopharynx is closed.
9 fricatives…
Affricates are combinations of a ______ and _______
Affricates are combinations of a stop and fricative
Liquids are vowel-like consonants with voicing energy constricted only slightly more than vowels.
________ liquids are produced with midline _______ and lateral ________ for sound.
Palatal liquids produced two primary ways
a) tongue tip _______ and held ____
b) tongue base ______ up against palate/velum
Two liquids…______ ______
Liquids are vowel-like consonants with voicing energy constricted only slightly more than vowels.
Alveolar liquids are produced with midline closure and lateral opening for sound.
Palatal liquids produced two primary ways
a) tongue tip curled and held up
b) tongue base bunched up against palate/velum
Two liquids…liquid river
Glides, or _______ consonants (semivowels), are produced by a gliding motion from _______ to ______
They are always ________
Two glides…
Glides, or approximant consonants (semivowels), are produced by a gliding motion from constricted to open
They are always prevocalic
Two glides…
There are __ places of ____ for a consonant.
______, Labiodentals, Lingua-Dentals, ____-____, ____-____, Velars, and _____
There are also 8 _____
There are 7 places of articulation for a consonant.
Bilabials, Labiodentals, Lingua-Dentals, Lingua-Alveolars, Lingua-Palatals, Velars, and Glottals
There are also 8 cognates
Name the semi-vowels
Semivowels have a relatively _______ vocal tract and are characterized acoustically by _________. They are not _________ because they occur on the __________ of syllables, not in the _________ of syllables like vowels. The main acoustic difference are short F2 __________
The articulators glide from constricted to _______
They are _________ positioned next to the vocalic _________ (pre-vocalic) but occassionally act as syllabic ___________ at the end of a word
/w/, /j/, /r/, /l/
Name the semi-vowels
Semivowels have a relatively open vocal tract and are characterized acoustically by formants. They are not vowels because they occur on the periphery of syllables, not in the nuclei of syllables like vowels. The main acoustic difference are short F2 transitions
The articulators glide from constricted to open
They are always positioned next to the vocalic nuclei (pre-vocalic) but occassionally act as syllabic consonants at the end of a word
_________ are vowel-like consonant with voicing energy constricted only slightly more than vowels.
__________ liquids are produced with midline closure and _________ opening for sound—air streams over the sides.
__________ liquids produced two primary ways
1) tongue tip curled and held up
2) tongue base bunched up against the palate/velum
The Third Resonant Harmonic is responsive to
- Constrictions at the ________ for /r/. /r/ has _________ F1 transitions and a _________ change in F3 in comparison to neighboring vowels
- Constrictions at the alveolar _________ for /l/. /l/ has _________ F1 transitions and a minimal _________ is F3 in comparison to neighboring vowels
Liquids are vowel-like consonant with voicing energy constricted only slightly more than vowels.
Lateral liquids are produced with midline closure and lateral opening for sound—air streams over the sides.
Rhotic liquids produced two primary ways
1) tongue tip curled and held up
2) tongue base bunched up against the palate/velum
The Third Resonant Harmonic is responsive to
- Constrictions at the palate for /r/. /r/ has longer F1 transitions and a large change in F3 in comparison to neighboring vowels
- Constrictions at the alveolar ridge for /l/. /l/ has shorter F1 transitions and a minimal change is F3 in comparison to neighboring vowels
Nasals have complete _______ closure and an open __________ so voicing energy can ravel through the ________.
Nasal __________ is sound that is resonated through nasal cavity while oral obstruction is maintained. This creates a nasal __________ on a spectrogram. It is the acoustic segment associated with an exclusively nasal radiation of sound energy. They are low frequency due to ____________ which are bands of reduced energy caused by ___________ of sound into the soft walls and convolutions in the nasal cavities.
Nasal Murmur have a low frequency formant around 300 Hz, other Frequencies dampen out, and formant transitions are similar to stops.
The F1 before nasal will drop, and after nasal will rise
The labial F2 locus is ~ _____-800Hz
The alveolar: F2 locus is ~1800 Hz
The velar: F2 locus is ~ ______-1300 Hz
Differs by place of articulation
___________ Vowels are vowels adjacent to nasals. They pick up nasal _________ on first formant.
Vowels adjacent to nasals lose strength in ___ and ___
Nasals have complete oral closure and an open velopharynx so voicing energy can ravel through the nose.
Nasal Resonance is sound that is resonated through nasal cavity while oral obstruction is maintained. This creates a nasal murmur on a spectrogram. It is the acoustic segment associated with an exclusively nasal radiation of sound energy. They are low frequency due to antiformants which are bands of reduced energy caused by absorption of sound into the soft walls and convolutions in the nasal cavities.
Nasal Murmur have a low frequency formant around 300 Hz, other Frequencies dampen out, and formant transitions are similar to stops.
The F1 before nasal will drop, and after nasal will rise
The labial F2 locus is ~ 600-800Hz
The alveolar: F2 locus is ~1800 Hz
The velar: F2 locus is ~ 3000-1300 Hz
Differs by place of articulation
Nasalized Vowels are vowels adjacent to nasals. They pick up nasal murmur on first formant.
Vowels adjacent to nasals lose strength in F2 and F3
Stops are formed by a complete closure of the vocal _______. Airflow is temporarily blocked, air pressure builds up behind the point of closure, and the release produces a stop _______ or plosive.
Stops have three phases, _________-Hold-________
The acoustic features of stops on a spectrogram include a stop _____ (nothingness that results during the closure and hold phase), a release _________
Voiced stops may have a low intesity harmonic that is visible
F2 Formant Transition of stops:
a) Labial: F2 locus ~ ______-800Hz
b) Alveolar: F2 locus ~1800 Hz
c) Velar: F2 locus ~ 3000 and 1300 Hz
F1 points to manner and F2/F3 point to place of articulation.
_________ _________ _______ (VOT) is the duration between burst of release and first vocal pulse
a) Voiced stops have negative or very ________ VOT because adduction starts during hold phase
c) Voiceless stops have _________ VOT because adduction does not start until release phase.
Stops are formed by a complete closure of the vocal tract. Airflow is temporarily blocked, air pressure builds up behind the point of closure, and the release produces a stop burst or plosive.
Stops have three phases, Closure-Hold-Release
The acoustic features of stops on a spectrogram include a stop gap (nothingness that results during the closure and hold phase), a release burst
Voiced stops may have a low intesity harmonic that is visible
F2 Formant Transition of stops:
a) Labial: F2 locus ~ 600-800Hz
b) Alveolar: F2 locus ~1800 Hz
c) Velar: F2 locus ~ 3000 and 1300 Hz
F1 points to manner and F2/F3 point to place of articulation.
Voiced Onset Time (VOT) is the duration between burst of release and first vocal pulse
a) Voiced stops have negative or very short VOT because adduction starts during hold phase
c) Voiceless stops have longer VOT because adduction does not start until release phase.
