Dimensions 1-7 Flashcards
Universalist
Rule based behavior
Focus on rules
Strict
Everyone is equal
No exceptions
Particularist
Rule bending behavior
Focus on relationships
Looser
Each situation assessed
Exceptions are central
High uncertainty avoidance
Strict rules
No tolerance for uncertainty
No deviant behavior
Few risks
Not flexible
Examples: russia, belgium
Low uncertainty avoidance
Fewer rules
Accept uncertainty
Tolerant of deviant behavior
More risks and innovation
Flexible
Examples: china, Singapore
Contract: universalist
Clear, definite agreements
Provides structure and clear consequences
Contract: particularist
Flexible and vague agreements
General guidelines
Timing: universalist
Hurried
Focus on quality
Timing: particularist
Relaxed
Focus on quality and relationships
Role in head office: universalist vs particularist
Universalist:
Shapes global management
Emphasizes unification and controll
Particularist:
Allows local operations to differ
Emphasizes differentiation and satisfaction
Job evaluation: universalist vs particularist
Universalist:
Consistent and universal standards
Protects against arbitrary discipline
Particularist:
Local and varied standards
Based on intuitive selection
Collectivist
Group focused
Loyal to group
Strong bonds
Individualist
Self focused
Own interests
Loose ties
Neutral
Emotional controll
Controlled reactins
Affective
Emotion display
Uncontrolled reactions
Emotional display
Exhibited emotions
Separated emotions
Culture development
Diffuse
Close friends, share a lot
Acquaintances, personal space
Specific
Acquaintances, respect
Losing face
Publicly humiliated
Losing face: diffuse
People dont speak directly
Dont like dealing with issues privately
Losing face: specific
Freedom for direct speech
Issues may be discussed openly in public
Dim.4 High context cultures
Strangers need background
Rich and subtle
Relationships first
More particularists, collectivist and neutral
Dim.4 low context culture
Strangers can make rules together
Adaptable and flexible
Focus on objects and specifics
Universalist, individualist, affective
Achieved status
From actions
Identified through achievements
Prioritizes avtions and immediate results
Emphasis on short term goals
Ascriptive status
Attributes
Inherent identity
Emphasis on existence and long term quality
Masculine societies
Clearly divided between male and female.
Work is big part of life
Differences solved through confrontation
Emphasis on competition and high performance
Strives to be the best
Feminine societies
Less separated
Work not center of life
Differences resolved through compromise and negotiation
Values unity and quality of life
Aims for average satisfaction
Low power distance
Decentralisation
Narrow salary range
Subordinates expect consultation
Ideal boss
Management theories
High power distance
Centralisation
Large salary range
Subordinates expect orders
Boss seen like autocratic
Focus on manager roles
Sequential, linear
Time moves forward in a straight line
Events happen one after the other
Past events no impact on present
Future events cannot be changed
Synchronic, circular
Time is seen as cyclical
Past present, future interconnected
Events may repeat in different forms
Inner directed
Controll over life
Dominance
Assertiveness
Not afraid of conflict
Focus on self
Outer directed
Less controll over life
Compromise
Need for harmony
Focus on others
