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Methods BLOCK 3 > Dilation Protocol > Flashcards

Dilation Protocol Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of dilated fundus exam

A
  • improve visualization of the fundus
  • improve visualization increases detection rate of abnormalities
  • pharmological dilation is generally required for the thorough eval of ocular structures
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2
Q

Indications of a dilated fundus exam

A

-routine exam on ALL patients

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3
Q

For pts between the ages of 18 and 39, a comprehensive eye examination on including ocular health evaluation is recommended at least every…

A

2 years

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4
Q

How often should patients over 65 have comprehensive eye exams?

A

Annually in the absence of a diagnosed ocular condition

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5
Q

When would more frequent monitoring with dilation be indicated?

A

In a patient with a previous diagnosis of ocular pathology

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6
Q

What type of patients should be monitored more frequently with a dilation?

A
  • pts at higher risk of introcular disease (DM, high myopia)

- pts with symptoms or signs indicative of intraocular disease (flashing lights (photopsia), floaters, and reduced VA

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7
Q

Contraindications and precautions of dilated fundus exam

A
  • sensitivities to pharmacologic agents
  • narrow anterior chamber angle
  • presence of iris-fixed IOL
  • documentation/preservation of pupil status
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8
Q

Sensitivities to phenylephrine

A

Adrenergic supersensitivtiy

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9
Q

Sensitivity to cyclopentolate

A

Spastic paralysis and brain damage

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10
Q

What are most people sensitive to if they are sensitive at all to pharmacological agents?

A

Sensitivity to preservatives

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11
Q

Narrow anterior chamber depth

A

Consider prophylactic peripheral laser iridologist prior to DFE if angle appears susceptible to closure on gonioscopy

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12
Q

Presence of iris-fixes IOL and dilation

A
  • Risk of IOL dislocation with pupil dilation
  • DOCUMENTATION
  • they usually have a card the surgeon has given them but always check anyways to CYA
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13
Q

Documentation/preservation of pupil size

A
  • pupil status may serve as an important vital sign in patients with intracranial disease
  • dilate with care in patients with recent history of head trauma
  • unilateral pharmacologic mydriasis may masquerade as a sign of intracranial disease (hutchinson’s pupil)
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14
Q

Pre dilation work up

A
  • history
  • VA
  • pupil reflexes
  • IOP
  • anterior chamber angle
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15
Q

History

A
  • vitally important in guiding the DFE

- aids in what you are looking for during ophthalmoscopy

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16
Q

What to get from history

A

-demo, occupation, hobbies
-CC plus FOLDARQ
-ocular hx (LEE, visual aids)
-med hx
LME
ROS
Meds, allergies
Family ocular and med hx
Social hx

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17
Q

VA before dilation

A

-always performed prior to any other procedure for medico-legal reasons

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18
Q

What does VA help detect problems with?

A
  • refractive error
  • optical media
  • retina
  • optic nerve
  • visual pathways
  • there are serious disorders that do not affect VA
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19
Q

What do you tell the pt you are going to do for VAs?

A

“Im going to check your vision” then follow with proper patient directions
-watch them and make sure they aren’t cheating

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20
Q

If you cant get patient to 20/20

A

State a reason why you cannot

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21
Q

Pupil reflexes before dilation

A
  • screen for abnormalities prior to dilation

- especially important to search for an afferent pupillary defect in patients with decreased acuity in one eye

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22
Q

Should there be a difference between direct and consensual when doing swinging flashlight test?

A

No

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23
Q

Will direct or consensual be stronger in APD?

A

Consensual

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24
Q

What do you tell patient when doing pupils?

A

“Im going to check how your eyes react to light)

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25
Q

Normal recording for pupils

A 
Pupils
Equal
Round
Reactive to
Light with no APD
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26
Q

IOP before dilation

A

-serves as a baseline against which post-dilation IOP can be compared

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27
Q

Normal range of IOP

A

8-23mmHg

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28
Q

Average IOP

A

15.5mmHg

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29
Q

A difference in pressure readings of more than ____ between the two eyes is considered significant

A

2mm

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30
Q

Diurnal variations of IOP

A

3 to 4mm Hg are considered normal

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31
Q

When is IOP higher?

A

AM

32
Q

POAG patients will experience what following dilation with an anti-cholinergic agent?

A

A mild transient elevation of IOP

33
Q

What are the ways you can measure IOP?

A
  • digital palpation
  • NCT
  • goldman applanation tonometry
34
Q

What is the gold standard for IOP measuring?

A

Goldman applanation tonometry

35
Q

Digital palpation (IOP)

A
  • simplest and least expensive technique for approximate IOP assessment
  • used for conditions where tonomtery is not possible
36
Q

Advantages of digital palpation

A
  • simplest, least expensive
  • instrumentation not required
  • useful when external tonometry is not possible, for example, after penetrating keratoplasty or corneal scarring
  • may be the only feasible technique in patients who are unwilling or unable to undergo other methods of IOP measurements
37
Q

Disadvantages of digital palpation

A
  • least accurate method of IOP

- palpation is best avoided in eyes with significant trauma or in certain post op conditions

38
Q

Technique for digital palpation

A
  • clean hands
  • say” going to check pressure in eyes”
  • tell them close their eyes
  • feel eyeballs with fingertips through closed lids
39
Q

During digital palpation if the eye feels soft

A

IOP <6-8

-if pts eyes feel like this, the IOP is probably too low

40
Q

During digital palpation if eye feels hard

A

IOP>30

-feel bony part of chin, if patients eyes feel like this, the IOP is probably too high

41
Q

What should the patients eye feel like if the pressure is normal?

A

Like the tip of your nose

42
Q

Recording digital palpation

A

-low to palpation
-normal to palpation
-high to palpation
INCLUDE THE TIME

43
Q

NCT

A

The cornea is applanated by an air pulse, and IOP is measured without direct contact between the eye and the instrument

44
Q

When is NCT useful

A

When contact techniques are contraindicated, or as in the case of a red eye of infectious origin

45
Q

Advantages of NCT

A
  • quick
  • no anesthetic required
  • can be delegated
  • no epithelial damage
  • measure through contact lenses
46
Q

Disadvantages of NCT

A
  • cost
  • large instrument
  • less portable
  • must be factory calibrated
  • multiple readings necessary (ocular pulse)
  • most patients are apprehensive
47
Q

What do you tell patient you are doing for NCT?

A

“Im going to check the pressure in your eyes, please keep both eyes open and look at the light, you will feel a light puff of air

48
Q

Set up for NCT

A
  • turn instrument on
  • disinfect forehead and chin rest
  • adjust table and chin rest to align the patients outer canthus with the notch on the upright supplier of the headrest
49
Q

Recording NCT

A

NCT @ 10:30am
OD 15mmHg
OS 15mmHg

50
Q

Anterior chamber angle assessment

A

A narrow anterior chamber angle increases the risk of angle closure glaucoma

51
Q

Shadow test

A

-anterior chamber depth can be estimated with oblique penlight illumination across the surface of the iris

52
Q

Slit lamp eval of anterior chamber angles

A

Van Herick technique of peripheral anterior chamber death estimation

53
Q

Gonioscopy

A

The gold standard for anterior chamber angle eval

54
Q

When is shadow test used to eval anterior chamber angle?

A
  • when slit lamp is not available
  • gross estimation method
  • light is presented from the temporal side
  • shadow provides a rough estimate of chamber depth
  • full illumination
55
Q

Shadow test technique

A
  • instruct patient to look straight ahead
  • light is presented from the temporal side
  • shadow provides a rough estimate of chamber depth
56
Q

When is shadow test useful?

A

For basic screening where availability of more sophisticated equipment may be limited

57
Q

If there is a narrow angle, what will happen during shadow test?

A

There will be a larger shadow

58
Q

Open angle in shadow test

A

Will show little to no shadow

59
Q

What do you tell patient during shadow test?

A

-im going to take a quick measurement using this light

60
Q

Recording shadow test

A

Anterior chamber angle estimation

  • OD grade 4
  • OS grade 3
61
Q

What can happen to patients with narrow anterior chamber angles after dilation?IO

A

They can develop acute angle closure glaucoma, with a rapid and severe elevation of IOP

62
Q

What should be checked in persons with narrow angles post dilation?

A

IOP

63
Q

Warning pts with narrow angles

A

Warn about the signs and symptoms of angle closure glaucoma and instruct patient to contact you in the symptoms occur

64
Q

Documenting pts with narrow angles

A

Document warnings and instructions gave to patients

65
Q

Risk factors for narrow angle glaucoma

A

Age
Race
Sex

66
Q

Age as a risk factor for narrow angle glaucoma

A

As we grow older, the lens inside out eyes gets larger, increasing the risk for pupil block. Also, the anterior chamber tends to become increasingly shallow, and the drainage angle may narrow as we age

67
Q

Race as a risk factor for narrow angle glaucoma

A

Asians, as well as inuits and other northern indigenous people, who have anatomically narrowe anterior chamber angles than whites, have a higher incidence of angle-closure glaucoma

68
Q

Sex as a risk factor for narrow angle glaucoma

A
  • 3x more likely in women than in men

- among African americans, men and women appear to be affected equally

69
Q

Causes of narrow angle glaucoma

A
  • hyperopia
  • pupillary block
  • iris plateau
  • tumors and other causes
70
Q

Hyperopia as a cause of narrow angle glaucoma

A

People how are farsighted are more likely to have eyes with shallow anterior chamber and narrow angles, increasing their risk for angle closure glaucoma from pupil dilation or aging changes in the eye

71
Q

Signs and symptoms of angle closure glaucoma

A
  • severe eye pain
  • blurred vision/halos
  • headache
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • profuse tearing
  • red eye
  • dilated pupils
72
Q

Angle closure glaucoma as an ocular emergency

A
  • if not reduced within hours, may cause permanent vision los
  • if experiencing symptoms, need to contact eye care provider ASAP or go to hospital ER
73
Q

What is a key component of an annual comprehensive exam, but may indicate more often in certain cases?

A

Dilation

74
Q

What is key to determine indications, contraindications, and precautions when dilating?

A

A complete history

75
Q

What are important components of pre dilation work up?

A 
History
VAs
Pupils
IOP
Anterior chamber eval
76
Q

Predication IOP and anterior chamber angle eval

A

Important especially where patients are at risk for angle closure glaucoma. It is important to make sure the patient is aware of the signs of the symptoms

Methods BLOCK 3 (6 decks)

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