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Med Surg > digestive tract disorders > Flashcards

digestive tract disorders Flashcards

1
Q

The first section of the large intestine is the

A

cecum

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2
Q

colon goes up right side of the abdomen

A

Ascending

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3
Q

colon crosses abdomen just below waist

A

Transverse

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4
Q

colon goes down left side of abdomen

A

Descending

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5
Q

Age-Related Changes

A

Teeth are mechanically worn down with age
The jaw may be affected by osteoarthritis
A significant loss of taste buds with age
Xerostomia (dry mouth) is common
Walls of esophagus and stomach thin with aging, and secretions lessen
Production of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes decreases
Gastric motor activity slows
Movement of contents through the colon is slower
Anal sphincter tone and strength decrease

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6
Q

Abdomen

A

Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation

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7
Q

Gastrointestinal Surgery

Preoperative nursing care

A

digestive tract is usually cleansed
Magnesium citrate or large-volume cathartic (laxative) solutions; enemas
Diet limited to liquids 24 hours before surgery, NPO after midnight
Intravenous fluids started preop
Oral antibiotics
Nasogastric tube inserted and attached to suction (often in surgery

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8
Q

Gastrointestinal Surgery

Postoperative nursing care

A

Be sure gastrointestinal suction is draining (low intermittent)
Inspect, describe, and measure the drainage
Assess abdomen for distention and bowel sounds
Administer intravenous fluids
Start out NPO, later may add ice chips
Keep strict intake and output records
Drug therapy
Emetics, antiemetics, laxatives, cathartics, antidiarrheals, antacids, anticholinergics, mucosal barriers, histamine-2 (H2)-receptor blockers, prostaglandins, and antibiotics

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9
Q

lack of appetite, leads to malnutrition

A

Anorexia

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10
Q

Appetite center is located in the

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

is the conversion of glycogen to glucose

A

Glycogeolysis

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12
Q

Cause of anorexia

A

Nausea, decreased sense of taste or smell, mouth disorders, and medications

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13
Q

Emotional problems associated with anorexia such as anxiety, depression, or disturbing thoughts

A

anxiety, depression, or disturbing thoughts

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14
Q

s/s of anorexia

A

hunger is absent, no desire of food, nausea may show hypovitaminosis (vitamin deficiency) body does not store any water soluble vitamins except B12

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15
Q

What are the labs with anorexia

A

hemoglobin level and blood count are reduced, RBC become enlarged. Serum albumin, electrolyte, protein levels are low.

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16
Q

Short term anorexia needs

A

no medical management

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17
Q

Persistent anorexia requires

A

high calorie diet, tube feedings,TPN, psychological support, psychiatric treatment.

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18
Q

Nursing management for anorexia-

A

sufficient nutrition maintain normal body weight monitor weight daily obtain client food history/patterns

19
Q

Anorexia Nursing Interventions

A

Assist with oral hygiene before and after meals
Teach proper oral hygiene; refer for dental care
Relieve nausea before presenting a meal tray
Before serving meal tray, remove bedpans/emesis basins from sight, conceal drains and drainage collection devices, deodorize room if necessary
Socialization during mealtime
Respect food likes and dislikes
Position patient comfortably with easy access to food

20
Q

A general term for inflammation of the oral mucosa

A

Stomatitis

21
Q

Medical treatment for stomatitis

A

is directed toward determining the cause and eliminating it; a soft, bland diet may be ordered

22
Q

Aphthous Stomatitis

A

canker sore

23
Q

Aphthous Stomatitis can be caused by what? Characterized by what? and What medication use?

A

May be caused by a virus
Characterized by ulcers of the lips and mouth that recur at intervals
Topical or systemic steroids may be used

24
Q

Yeastlike fungus causes the oral condition known as thrush or candidiasis

A

Candida albicans

25
Q

Candida albicans what does it look like? What pt are high risk? What is the treatment?

A

Bluish white lesions on the mucous membranes
Patients at high risk include those on steroid or long-term antibiotic therapy
Treated with oral or topical antifungal agents; vaginal nystatin tablets can be used like lozenges and allowed to dissolve in the mouth

26
Q

Ulcers and vesicles in mouth and on lips

A

Herpes simplex type 1

27
Q

Herpes simplex type 1 occur when? and What medication use?

A

Occur with upper respiratory tract infections, excessive sun exposure, or stress
Spirits of camphor, topical steroids, and antiviral agents as treatment

28
Q

Nursing Assessment of Herpes simplex type 1

A

Pain location, onset, and precipitating factors
Record any known illnesses and treatments, including drugs and radiation therapy
Describe habits, including diet, oral care practices, alcohol intake, and use of tobacco
Assess patient’s stress level
Inspect lips and oral cavity for redness, swelling, and lesions

29
Q

Nursing interventions of Herpes Simplex type 1

A

Gentle oral hygiene, prescribed mouthwashes
The teeth and tongue can be cleansed with a soft-bristle toothbrush, sponge, or cotton-tipped applicator
Medications must be given as ordered

30
Q

A destructive process of tooth decay

A

Dental Caries

31
Q

Treatment for Dental Caries

A

The only treatment for dental caries is removal of the decayed part of the tooth, followed by filling the cavity with a restorative material

32
Q

Begins with gingivitis; progresses to involve the other structures that support the teeth

A

Periodontal Disease

33
Q

s/s of Periodontal Disease

A

Gums red, swollen, painful, and bleed easily

Primarily from inadequate oral hygiene

34
Q

treatment of Periodontal Disease

A

Treatment in early stage: dental care for teeth cleaning and correction of contributing problems
Untreated, abscesses develop around the roots, the teeth loosen, and extraction is necessary

35
Q

Nursing assessment of Periodontal Disease

A

Observe condition of teeth and gums

Document missing or broken teeth, caries, redness or lesions of the gums, and gum recession

36
Q

Nursing interventions of Periodontal Disease

A

Most patients are treated for dental and gum conditions in dentists’ offices
Interventions directed at minimizing pain until the problem can be corrected by a dentist
Provide oral care for patients who cannot do it themselves

37
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma (most common) and basal cell carcinoma that may effects the lips, mouth or pharynx that under go malignant changes if detected early cure rates are fairly good

A

cancer of the oral cavity

38
Q

Cancer of the lip related

A

to prolonged exposure to irritants, including sun, wind, and pipe smoking

39
Q

Factors that increase the risk of cancers inside the mouth include

A

tobacco and alcohol use, poor nutritional status, and chronic irritation

40
Q

s/s of oral cancer

A

Tongue irritation, loose teeth, and pain in the tongue or ear
Malignant lesions may appear as ulcerations, thickened or rough areas, or sore spots
Leukoplakia: hard, white patches in the mouth; premalignant

41
Q

Treatment includes of oral cancer

A

surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy, or a combination of these A neck dissection is performed if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes

42
Q

nursing assessment of oral cancer

A

History of prolonged sun exposure, tobacco use, or alcohol consumption
Assess for difficulty swallowing or chewing, decreased appetite, weight loss, change in fit of dentures, and hemoptysis
The physical examination should focus on examination of the mouth for lesions
Assess the neck for limitation of movement and enlarged lymph nodes

43
Q

Nursing interventions of oral cancer

A 
Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane 
Ineffective Breathing Pattern 
Pain
Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements
Impaired Verbal Communication 
Disturbed Body Image 
Risk for Infection 
Ineffective Tissue Perfusion
44
Q

Nursing management of oral cancer

A

maintain pt airway, promoting adequate fluid/food intake, being patient with pt communication by speaking and clarification or repeat what pt says

Med Surg (35 decks)

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