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CTO quiz 5 > Digestive Tract > Flashcards

Digestive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of epithelium lines oral cavity, palate, tongue, palate, oro- and laryngopharynx?

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous

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2
Q

Parts of the pharynx (6)

A

tongue, palate, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus

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3
Q

anterior 2/3 of tongue epithelium - 3 types of elevation.papillae

A

filiform, fungiform, circumvallate

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4
Q

4 layers of the gut tube (inside –> outside)

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

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5
Q

3 components of mucosa layer of gut tube

A

(1) epithelium - simple columnar (except in mouth, pharynx, esophagus and anus) (2) lamina propria (3) muscularis mucosa - thin layer of SM

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6
Q

submucosa layer of gut tube

A

connective tissue b/t muscularis mucosa and muscularis externa

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7
Q

muscularis mucosa of gut tube

A

2 layers of SM: one inner circular and one outer longitudinal

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8
Q

serosa or adventitia

A

outer layer of gut tube, comprised of simple squamous epithelium and underlying connective tissue on abluminal surface of most of the gut

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9
Q

esophagus histology

A

non-keratinized squamous epithelium; mucus glands in submucosa for lubrication for passage; muscularis externa (skeletal muscle in proximal 1/3, smooth muscle in distal 1/3)

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10
Q

esophageal histology in the thorax

A

has a circumferential adventitia in addition to standard features of the esophagus

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11
Q

describe muscularis externa in the esophagus

A

all skeletal muscle in proximal 1/3, transitions to all smooth muscle in distal 1/3

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12
Q

Gastro-esophageal junction

A

abrupt change from non-keratinized stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium; stratified squamous portion appears white

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13
Q

Stomach - function

A

provides storage for ingested food; mechanical mixing, early enzymatic digestion of masticated food

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14
Q

Regions of the stomach

A

fundus, cardia, body, antrum, pyloric spincter

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15
Q

Features of stomach mucosa

A

surface mucous cells; pits/fovelae; mucous neck cells; gastric glands

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16
Q

describe surface mucus cells

A

“sticky” mucus; bicarb rich; high pH

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17
Q

parietal cells

A

produce HCl and extrinsic factor (produced in intercellular canalicular system) ; contain enzyme carbonic anhydrase; appear read b/c many mitochondria

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18
Q

chief cells

A

produce pepsinogen (in granules), lipase and leptin

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19
Q

3 types of epithelial cells in deep layers of gastric mucosa

A

(1) parietal/oxyntic cells; (2) Chief/zymogenic cells; (3) enteroendocrine cells

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20
Q

pepsinogen

A

proenzyme that is converted to the enzyme pepsin by exposure to acidic stomach pH

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21
Q

parietal cells - carbonic anhydrase physiology

A

mediates CO2+H20 -> H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3- reaction; H+ is then pumped into canaliculi by ATP energized proton pump, takes Cl- with it

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22
Q

Alkalization of surface mucousa

A

HCO3- produced in parietal cell carried to subsurface capillary network by submucosal vessels where it is used by surface mucous cells to produced alkaline mucous

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23
Q

how is intrinsic factor secreted?

A

secreted from parietal cells in vesicles

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24
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

found throughout gut in epithelium; secrete multiple hormones into lamina propria: gastrin is the important one; others are secretin, cholecystokinin somatostatin

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25
Q

gastrin

A

secreted by enteroendocrine cells through exocytosis, simulates production of HCl by parietal cells

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26
Q

2 cell types in neck zone

A

(1) mucous neck cells - produce a different mucus than mucous produced by surface mucous cells (2) stem cells- differentiate into and replenish other cell types in epithelium

27
Q

neck zone - define

A

b/t surface cells and deeper glands

28
Q

Causation of peptic ulcer disease

A

gastric infection by heliobacter pylori in surface mucous layer in stomach; bacteria produce urease -> NH3 and protease, which breaks down glycoprotein in gastric mucus - damaged protective mucus layer; pepsin injures underlying epithelial cells = ulcer

29
Q

Treatment for peptic ulcer disease (4)

A

antacids to relieve symptoms; antibiotics for H. Pylori; PPi - inhibit proton pumps in parietal cells ; surgery for persistent problem

30
Q

Function of small intestine

A

digestion - reduction of carbs, fats, and proteins to molecules that can be absorbed in blood and/or lymph vessels

31
Q

3 portions of small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

32
Q

Duodenal histology

A

submucosal/Brunner’s glands; simple columnar epithelium

33
Q

Brunner’s glands

A

found in duodenum; secrete alkaline mucous into duodenum

34
Q

jejunal histology

A

tall/densely packed villi; plicae circularis; goblet cells; no submucous glands but intestinal glands in mucosa

35
Q

villi in jejunum increase surface area by ….

A

~8x

36
Q

core of villi

A

lamina propria w/ capillaries, lymphatics, nerves, SM cells, connective tissue cells

37
Q

cells on outside of villi

A

enterocytes w/ microvilli on apical surface form brush border; goblet cells

38
Q

where does absorption take place in jejunum?

A

apical edge of enterocytes (microvilli/brush border)

39
Q

villi epithelium

A

simple columnar epithelium w/ other cells interspersed; continuous w/ epithelial glands/cryps of Liberkuhm

40
Q

crypts of Lieberkuhn - structure

A

intestinal glands continuous w/ intestinal villi, burrowed into lamina propria of mucosa

41
Q

crypts of Lieberkuhn - function

A

mitotic activity replenishing enterocytes of villi, cells migrate to tip of villi to eventually be sloughed off - entire epithelium replaced every 3-6 days

42
Q

crypts of Lieberkuhn - special cells contained (2)

A

(1) Paneth cells (2) stem cells - for mitotic renewal

43
Q

Paneth cells

A

produce lyzozymes (visible in red granules) to protect against bacterial infection

44
Q

smooth muscle in jejunal epithelium - layers (2) and functions

A

(1) muscularis mucosa - “milks” villus, squeeze lymphatics towards the base; (2) muscularis externa - bowel peristalsis

45
Q

junctional complex

A

present in jejunum; glycocalyx = carb moieties on membrane proteins for breaking down dipepties and disaccharides into AAs and glucose that can be absorbed in blood stream

46
Q

Ileum - features

A

shorter villi; fewer plicae circularis; nodules of lymphoid tissue = Peyer’s patches; “M” cells in epithelium; absorption of bile salts and vitamin B12

47
Q

“M” cells

A

found in ileum and mediate antibody response; endocytose intestinal antigens –> transport them via macrophages and lymphocytes –> lymph nodes –> antibody response

48
Q

Peyer’s patch

A

nodule of lymphoid follicles in lamina propria and submucosa of ileum

49
Q

colon - function

A

absorb water and electrolytes –> formation of stool

50
Q

colon - features

A

simple columnar epithelia w/ microvilli; many goblet cells for lubrication; taenia coli; haustra

51
Q

taenia coli

A

three segregated bands of longitudinal smooth muscle only seen in colon, converge at blind end of cecum @ base of appendix

52
Q

Is more water absorbed by small intestine or colon?

A

small intestine

53
Q

appendix

A

hangs off proximal part of cecum; vestigal; multiple lymph nodes w/ no proven function

54
Q

rectum - length and features

A

length = 12cm; circumferential longitudinal SM fibers; ends at level of pelvic diaphram

55
Q

Rectal columns of morgagni

A

longitudinal folds in rectal mucosa; marks end of rectum @ level of pelvic diaphragm

56
Q

anus - length and features

A

length = 4cm; circular smooth muscle fibers thicken to form anal spinchter; epithelium transitions

57
Q

epithelium in anus

A

simple columnar epithelium (proximal anus) –> non-keratinized stratified squamous (distal anus) –> keratinized squamous (anal canal)

58
Q

secretin

A

secreted by enteroendocrine cells throughout gut; stim pancreatic and biliary bicarb and water secretion

59
Q

cholecystokinin

A

secreted by enteroendocrine cells throughout gut; stim pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction

60
Q

somatostatin

A

secreted by enteroendocrine cells throughout gut; local inhibition of other endocrine cells

61
Q

enteric nervous system - type of nerves, ganglia locations

A

can function autonomously w/out extrinsic input; modulated by both symp and parasymp efferents; ganglia in two plexuses - (1) Meissner’s plexus = in submucosa (2) Auerbach’s/myenteric plexus = b/t two layers of muscularis externa

62
Q

cell renewal in stomach

A

surface mucous cells renewed every 4-8 days; stem cells in isthmus mediate gastric mucosal restitution after acute injury

63
Q

cell renewal in small bowel

A

fast process, renews every 3-6 days; mediated by stem cells in crypts of Lieberkuhn

CTO quiz 5 (2 decks)

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