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PHTH 511: Anatomy > Digestive System Lecture Questions > Flashcards

Digestive System Lecture Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the digestive system?

A

-Ingestion
-Mixing & propulsion
-Digestion
-Absorption
-Metabolism
-Defecation

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2
Q

What are the 2 main groups of organs in the digestive system?

A

-Alimentary canal/GI tract
-Accessory digestive

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3
Q

What is the alimentary canal? How long is it?

A

-GI tract
-Continuous tube from mouth to anal canal
-5-7 meters

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4
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs/structures?

A

-Teeth
-Tongue
-Salivary gland
-Liver
-Gallbladder
-Pancreas

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5
Q

How is the esophagus separated? What are the two areas of the esophagus called?

A

-It is separated by the diaphragm
-After it passes through the diaphragm, it is called the abdominal esophagus
-Before it passes through the diaphragm, it is called the thoracic esophagus

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6
Q

How is the peritoneal cavity subdivided?

A

-Greater sac
-Omental bursa (lesser sac)

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7
Q

What are the regions of the greater sac?

A

-Begins at the diaphragm
-Continues into pelvic cavity

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8
Q

What are the regions of the omental bursa/lesser sac?

A

-Located posterior to the stomach & liver
-Continues with the greater sac through the omental foramen

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9
Q

What level is the omental foramen encountered at?

A

T12

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10
Q

Where is the greater omentum located? What is its function?

A

-Attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach, the first part of the duodenum, and transverse colon
-Stores fat
-Contains arteries and accompanying veins (right and left gastro-omental vessels)
-Can block movement in abdominal cavity to help stop inflammation
-Will surround diseased structures

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11
Q

Where is the lesser omentum located? What is its function?

A

-Expands from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum to the inferior surface of the liver
-Acts as a ligament to suspend the stomach

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12
Q

What is the lesser omentum divided into?

A

-Hepatoduodenal ligament
-Hepatogastric ligament

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13
Q

What is the abdominal esophagus? Where does it emerge from? What structures pass through the diaphragm with it?

A

-Represents the short distal part of the esophagus located in the abdominal cavity
-Emerges through the right crus at T10
-Anterior and posterior vagus trunk passes with it

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14
Q

What regions is the stomach located?

A

-Epigastric
-Umbilical
-Left hypochondrium

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15
Q

What are the different portions of the stomach?

A

-Cardia
-Fundus
-Body
-Pyloric
-Greater curvature
-Lesser curvature
-Cardial notch

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16
Q

Where is the cardia region of the stomach?

A

Surrounds the opening of the esophagus

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17
Q

What is the cardial notch?

A

The angle between the esophagus and stomach

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18
Q

What is the fundus of the stomach?

A

The area above the level of the cardiac notch

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19
Q

What is the body of the stomach?

A

The largest part of the stomach

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20
Q

How do we get the feeling of being full?

A

When food reaches the level of the fundus, we feel full

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21
Q

What is the pyloric part of the stomach?

A

The distal end which is divided into the pyloric antrum and pyloric canal

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22
Q

What is the small intestine? What does it consist of

A

-The longest part of the GI tract
-Extends from the pyloric orifice to the ileocecal fold
-Duodenum (25 cm)
-Jejunum (2.5 m)
-Ileum (3.5 m)
-Large surface area for nutrient absorption

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23
Q

What is the duodenum? What is it divided into

A

-C-shaped structure adjacent to the head of the pancreas
-Above the level of the umbilicus
-Mostly secondary retroperitoneal except the first part
-Divided into 4 parts (superior, descending, inferior, ascending)

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24
Q

Where is the 1st/superior part of the duodenum located?

A

-To the right of the body of vertebra L1
-Anterior to bile duct

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25
Q

Where is the 2nd/descending part of the duodenum located? What is the significance of this part?

A

-From the neck of the gallbladder to the lower border of L3
-It is the entrance for the bile duct and pancreatic ducts

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26
Q

What is the sphincter called where the bile and pancreatic ducts enter the duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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27
Q

Where is the 3rd/inferior part of the duodenum located?

A

Crosses the inferior vena cava, aorta, and vertebral column

28
Q

Where is the 4th/ascending part of the duodenum located?

A

-Passes to the left of the aorta
-Across the upper border of L2
-Terminates at the duodenojejunal flexure

29
Q

What is the ligament of Trietz?

A

The suspensory muscle of the duodenum

30
Q

What region is the jejunum located? How is it different than the ileum?

A

-Mostly in the upper quadrant of the abdomen
-Slightly larger in diameter than the ileum
-Less prominent arterial arcades & longer vasa recta compared to those of the ileum

31
Q

What region is the ileum located? What are unique characterisitcs of the ileum?

A

-Distal 3/5s of the small intestine
-Mostly in the right lower quadrant
-Has thinner walls, shorter vasa recta, more mesenteric fat, and more arterial arcades

32
Q

What is the ileocecal fold? What is its function?

A

-Opening into the large intestine from the ileum
-Prevents reflux from the cecum to the ileum
-Regulates the passage of contents from the ileum to the cecum

33
Q

Where is the large intestine located? How long is it? What is its function?

A

-Extends from the distal end of the ileum to the anal canal
-Absorbs fluids and salt from gut content

34
Q

What are the different parts of the colon?

A

-Cecum
-Ascending colon
-Right colic flexure
-Transverse colon
-Left colic flexure
-Descending colon
-Sigmoid colon
-Rectum
-Anal canal
-Tenia coli

35
Q

What is the tenia coli?

A

A muscle on the anterior, posterior, and lateral portions of the colon that contracts the colon to move contents through

36
Q

What are the Haustra of the colon?

A

Sacculations of colon (does not contain muscle)

37
Q

What are the omental appendices?

A

Fat tissue that is attached to the colon

38
Q

How many sphincters does the anal canal have?

A

-Internal (involuntary)
-External (voluntary)

39
Q

What regions is each part of the colon in?

A

-Cecum (R groin)
-Ascending (R flank)
-Right colic flexure (R hypochondrium)
-Transverse (epigastric & umbilical)
-Left colic flexure (L hypochondrium)
-Descending (L hypochondrium, L flank, L groin)
-Sigmoid (Pubic)

40
Q

Where is the appendix located? What is it suspended by? What is its function?

A

-A narrow tube connected to the cecum
-Suspended by the mesoappendix
-It stores good bacteria, so when someone has diarrhea, it can restore good bacteria

41
Q

What is the cause of appendicitis?

A

-The appendix gets closed off from the cecum
-Bacteria start to overproduce and it expands the appendix causing appendicitis

42
Q

What is McBurney’s Point?

A

-Where the appendix is located if you wanted to palpate it
-Point 1/3 the way on a line from ASIS to umbilicus

43
Q

How is pain felt when someone has appendicitis?

A

-Initially the pain begins as a central periumbilical pain that comes and goes
-After 6-10 hours, the pain localizes in the right iliac fossa and becomes constant

44
Q

What portions of the colon are intraperitoneal and which are retroperitoneal?

A

-Ascending, descending colon, and rectum are secondary retroperitoneal
-Transverse and sigmoid and intraperitoneal

45
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Located in the right hypochondrium and epigastric regions

46
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

-Produces bile (breaks down fat)
-Cholesterol metabolism
-Urea cycle
-Protein production (albumin)
-Clotting factor production
-Detoxification of blood

47
Q

What is the largest visceral organ in the body?

A

The liver

48
Q

What are the different surfaces of the liver?

A

-Diaphragmatic surface in the anterior, superior, and posterior directions
-Visceral surface in the inferior direction

49
Q

What is the area called where the liver is in direct contact with the diaphragm?

A

Bare area

50
Q

Where is the diaphragmatic surface of the liver located?

A

-Lies against the inferior surface of the diaphragm
-Associated with the subphrenic and hepatorenal recesses

51
Q

What is the subphrenic recess?

A

Separates the diaphragmatic surface of the liver from the diaphragm & is divided into left and right areas by the Falciform ligament

52
Q

What is the hepatorenal recess?

A

Part of the peritoneal cavity on the right side between the liver and the right kidney and right suprarenal gland

53
Q

What is the visceral surface of the liver covered by?

A

Covered with visceral peritoneum except in the fossa for the gallbladder & at the porta hepatis/triad

54
Q

Where does the portal vein drain blood from?

A

Drains blood from GI and sends it to the liver

55
Q

What artery supplies blood to the liver?

A

Hepatic proper artery

56
Q

What are the different lobes of the liver?

A

-Left
-Right
-Quadrate
-Caudate

57
Q

What ligament separates the right and left lobes of the liver on the posterior side?

A

Ligamentum venosum

58
Q

What ligament separates the left and quadrate lobes of the liver?

A

Ligamentum teres

59
Q

What is the largest lobe of the liver?

A

Right

60
Q

What is the caudate lobe bound to?

A

Bound on the left by the ligamentum venosum and on the right by the groove for the inferior vena cava

61
Q

What is the quadrate lobe bound to?

A

Bound on the left by the ligamentum teres and on the right by the fossa for the gallbladder

62
Q

What is the gallbladder? What does it consist of?

A

-A pear shaped sac lying on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver in a fossa between the right and quadrate lobes
-Body
-Fundus (lower portion)
-Neck (narrow upper portion)

63
Q

What are the functions of the gallbladder?

A

Receives, concentrates, and stores bile from the liver

64
Q

Where is the pancreas? What does it consist of?

A

-Located posterior to the stomach
-Extends from the duodenum on the right, to the spleen on the left
-Head
-Neck
-Tail (intraperitoneal and points towards spleen)

65
Q

What is the function of the pancreas? How big is it?

A

-Produces and secretes digestive enzymes (digestive)
-Produces and secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon (endocrine)
-About 15 cm in length

PHTH 511: Anatomy (9 decks)

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