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Advanced Anatomy And Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

The digestive system is made up of the GI tract and accessory organ. It extends from the mouth to the anus

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2
Q

The Hollow organs that make up the GI tract are?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

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3
Q

Accessory organ?

A

Salivary glands: parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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4
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

Mouth

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5
Q

When does the salivary glands activate ?

A

With sight and smell of food

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6
Q

What is a bolus?

A

Food ingested and masticated

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7
Q

Salivary amylase start what process?

A

Carbohydrate digestion

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8
Q

Lingual lipase start?

A

Lipid digestion

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9
Q

The 3 parts of the pharynx and their functions

A

Nasopharynx: posterior to nasal cavity transmit air only
Oropharynx: posterior to oral cavity transmits air, food and fluid
Laryngopharynx: posterior to larynx (voice box) transmits air, food and fluid

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10
Q

Location of esophagus

A

Located in the mediastinum, anterior to the spine and posterior to the trachea and heart

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11
Q

The esophagus

A

Extends from pharynx to the stomach

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12
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

A muscular ring that closes off the esophagus from the stomach to prevent backflow of food

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13
Q

Epiglottis

A

A small flap that folds over the windpipe as you swallow to prevent choking

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14
Q

Peristalsis

A

A series of muscular contractions within the esophagus that delivers food to the stomach

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15
Q

The stomach

A

J shaped muscular organ found in the upper left quadrant of abdomen. Stores food during eating, secretes digestive fluids, and propels chyme into the small intestine

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16
Q

Stomach functions

A

To moisten bolus coming from the esophagus producing chyme

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17
Q

Gastric secretions include:

A

Mucus, HCl, intrinsic factor, and gastric lipase

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18
Q

Mucus

A

Protect stomach lining from digestion

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19
Q

HCl

A

Decrease stomach ph
Activates pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion
Deactivate salivary amylase stopping CHO digestion

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20
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Essential for vitamin B12 absorption

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21
Q

Gastric lipase

A

Small amount of lipids digestion

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22
Q

Gastroesophageal junction

A

The inlet to the stomach

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23
Q

4 anatomical region of the stomach

A

The cardia (entrance)
Fundus
Body
Pylorus (outlet)

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24
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Circular smooth muscle in the wall of the pylorus that controls the opening between the stomach and the small intestine

25
Q

The small intestine

A

6 meters. Longest segment of the GI tract, accounting for about 2/3 of the total length.

26
Q

3 parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

27
Q

Absorption

A

The process by which nutrients enter the bloodstream through the intestinal walls

28
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

Controls the flow of digested material from the ileum into the cecal. Prevent reflux of bacteria into the small intestine

29
Q

Common bile duct

A

Allows the passage of both bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum

30
Q

Appendix

A

Wormlike sac attached to the cecum

31
Q

Pancreas

A

Both exocrine and endocrine organ

32
Q

Pancreatic secretions

A 
Proteolytic enzymes 
Pancreatic amylase 
Pancreatic lipase 
Bicarbonate ion
Deoxyribonuclease
33
Q

Bicarbonate ions

A

Neutralize the acidic chyme passing from the stomach and increase ph for the pancreatic enzymes to work

34
Q

Liver

A

Largest digestive organ

35
Q

Liver functions

A

Produces and secretes bile

36
Q

How does bile leave the liver?

A

Via right and left hepatic ducts which unite to form the common hepatic duct

37
Q

Where does bile get stored and concentrated?

A

Gallbladder

38
Q

Bile can go directly into the duodenum via

A

Common bile duct

39
Q

Gallbladder

A

Sacklike pouch located on the inferior surface of the liver

40
Q

Large intestine is composed of:

A

Cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal

41
Q

How does chyme get converted into feces?

A

Due to water and salt absorption

42
Q

Parts of the colon

A

Ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid (s shaped)

43
Q

What regulates the anal outlet?

A

A network of striated muscle that forms both the internal and external anal sphincter

44
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Exert an inhibitory effect on the GI tract, decreasing gastric secretions and motility and causing the sphincter and blood vessels to constrict

45
Q

Parasympathetic nerve

A

Causes peristalsis and increases secretory activities

46
Q

2 major flexures of the rectum

A

Sacral and anorectal flexure

47
Q

Sacral flexure

A

Follows the sacrum and coccyx curve

48
Q

Anorectal flexure

A

Formed the tone of the puborectalis muscle. Contributes to fecal continence

49
Q

Types of anal lesions

A 
Fistula
anal fissure (ulcer)
internal and external hemorrhoids
50
Q

Digestion

A

The breakdown of large food particles into their component parts producing molecules small enough to be absorbed

51
Q

How is digestion achieved?

A

Mechanical and chemical digestion

52
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Large particles broke down into smaller particles via mastication and mixing of food

53
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Chemical enzymes act on the smaller molecules rendering them readily absorbable

54
Q

Exocrine function of the pancreas

A

The release of pancreatic juice

55
Q

The oral cavity boundaries:

A 
Lips anteriorly 
Fauces 
Cheeks laterally 
Palate
Muscles of tongue
56
Q

Carbohydrates are broken down into

A

Monosaccharides

57
Q

Proteins are broken down into

A

Amino acids

58
Q

Fats (lipid) broken down into

A

Fatty acid and glycerol

Advanced Anatomy And Physiology (2 decks)

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