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Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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2
Q

Digestive tract

A 
Oral cavity
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
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3
Q

Accessory glands

A 
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
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4
Q

3 steps of digestion

A

Mechanical
Chemical breakdown
Secretion

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5
Q

4 layers of GI tract

A
  1. Mucosa
    - epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
  2. Submucosa
    - elasticity + distensibility, larger bv, submucosa plexus nerve network
  3. Muscularis externa
    - major SMC coat, circular to decrease diameter
  4. Serosa
    - serous membrane, lines body cavity, not open to eternal surface
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6
Q

3 glands associated with GI tract

A

Unicellular mucosa glands (in mucosa)

Multicellular glands (in mucosa + submucosa)

Multicellular glands (outside GI)

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7
Q

Mouth/oral/buccal cavity

Functions
Enclosed by

A

Ingestion, taste, chewing, chemical digestion, swallowing, speech

Cheeks, lips, palate, tongue

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8
Q

Salivary glands

Intrinsic

A

Small, dispersed amid oral tissues

Lingual - tongue
Labial - inside lips
Buccal - cheeks

Small amounts saliva - contains lingual lipase + lysozyme which moisten mouth + inhibit bacteria

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9
Q

Salivary glands

Extrinsic

A

Larger, 3 pairs outside mucosa with ducts

Submandibular
Parotid
Sublingual
Salivary mucus

Thinner fluid - amylase + electrolytes

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10
Q

Saliva

A

99.4% water

0.6% includes
- electrolytes, buffers, glycoproteins
= mucins, enzymes, waste products

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11
Q

Saliva

Control of secretion

A

Constant stimulation by parasympathetic nerve endings

Trigger reflex - object in mouth, smell, chew, think

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12
Q

Stomach

A

Food storage organ
Mechanically breaks up food
Begins chemical digestion: protein + some fats => chyme

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13
Q

4 regions of stomach

A

Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pyloric

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14
Q

Rugae

A

Empty stomach
Mucosa forms folds

Flatten out when full

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15
Q

Stomach

Gastric pits

A

Shallow depressions in mucosa
Cells at base continuously divide
At base = 2 or 3 tubular glands

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16
Q

Gastric secretions

A

HCl secreted by gastric parietal cells

H+ & Cl- transported independently

  • H+ from CO2 + H2O -> carbonic acid
  • H+ exchanged for K+
  • bicarbonate ion Cl-
  • H+ + Cl- -> HCl
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17
Q

Stomach acid functions

A

Activates pepsin + lipase
Breaks up connective tissue + plant cell walls => chyme
Converts ferric -> ferrous so can absorb and form Hb
Destroy ingested bacteria etc

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18
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cell glycoprotein
Essential for absorption of Vit B12 by small intestine
Cannot synthesise Hb without
Leads to pernicious anaemia

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19
Q

Chief cell

A

Chief cell -> pepsinogen pepsin

In infants chief cells secrete

  • gastric lipase
  • rennin
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20
Q

Chemical messengers

Secreted by enteroendocrine cells

A

Gastrin - stimulates gastric gland
Serotonin - stimulates gastric motility
Histamine - stimulates HCl secretion
Somatostatin - inhibits gastric secretion, delays emptying of stomach

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21
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of gastric mucosa

Alcohol, aspirin, stress, bacterial infection

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22
Q

Peptic ulcer

A

Erosion through lining
Gastric or duodenal
Treatment = antibiotics or Tagamet to reduce acid production
(H.pylori bacteria)

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23
Q

Peristalsis

A

Waves of muscular relaxations and contractions that moves material through most of GI

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24
Q

Regulation of gastric function

Names of 3 phases

A

To cope with full + empty stomach

  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. Intestinal phase
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25
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Prepare stomach for food arrival
Short (mins)
Neural mechanism (CNS), e.g. think/chew food
Increased vol gastric juice

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26
Q

Gastric phase

A

Enhance secretions
Long (3-4hrs)
Neural - stomach distension, hormonal local
Increases acid, pepsinogen

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27
Q

Intestinal phase

A

Control rate of chyme entry to duodenum
Long (hours)
Neural - contents enter duodenum, hormonal secondary
Inhibit gastric motility phase

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28
Q

Small intestine

3 parts

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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29
Q

Duodenum

A

2 small mounds inside

  • lesser duodenal papillary
  • major duodenal papillary

Common bile duct
Pancreatic duct

30
Q

Duodenum modifications to aid digestion + absorption

A
  1. Circular folds of mucosa + submucosa
  2. Villi of mucosa - contain blood capillary network + lymph capillary
  3. Microvilli - brush border
31
Q

Duodenum mucosa:

4 major cell types

A
  1. Absorptive cells - microvilli, produce enzymes, absorb digested foods
  2. Goblet cells - produce protective mucus
  3. Granular cells - protect epithelium from bacteria
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
32
Q

crypts of Lieberkuhn / intestinal glands

A

Base of duodenal villi have tubular invaginations

33
Q

Duodenum cells that migrate from intestinal glands to cover surface of villi

A

Absorptive and goblet

34
Q

Duodenum cells that stay at base of gland

A

Granular and endocrine

35
Q

Duodenal glands (brunners) open into the base of intestinal glands of…..

A

Coiled tubular mucosa intestinal glands of submucosa

36
Q

As progress through small intestine gradual decrease of… (4)

A

Diameter
Wall thickness
No of circular folds
No of villi

37
Q

Major sites of nutrient absorption

A

Duodenum and jejunum

38
Q

Ileum

A

Numerous lymph nodes (peyers patches) in mucosa + submucosa

39
Q

Ileocecal junction

A

Between ileum + large intestine

Ring of smooth muscle and 1-way ileocecal valve

40
Q

Liver

A

Largest internal organ
2 minor + 2 major loves
Porta - entrance + exit of vessels, ducts, nerves

41
Q

Hepatic ducts

A

1 duct from each L+R lobe

Transport bile out

42
Q

Common hepatic duct

A

Combined L+R ducts

43
Q

Common bile duct

A

Common hepatic duct + cystic duct (from gall bladder)

44
Q

Gall bladder stores

A

Bile

45
Q

Portal triad

A

At corner of each lobule, consists:

  • hepatic portal vein
  • hepatic artery
  • hepatic (bile) duct
  • hepatic nerves + lymphatic vessels
46
Q

Hepatic vein

A

Central vein in centre of each lobule unite

Empty into inferior vena cava

47
Q

Hepatic cords

A

Radiate out from central vein of each lobule

48
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A

Spaces between hepatic cords
Blood channels
Kupffer cells

49
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Functional cells of liver

50
Q

Hepatocytes:

4 major functions

A

Bile synthesis
Storage
Biotransformation
Synthesis of blood components

51
Q

Bile canaliculi

A

Lie between hepatocytes with each cord

Takes bile -> bile duct (end up in gall bladder)

52
Q

Bile contains:

A 
Bile salts
Cholesterol
Biliverdin + bilirubin
Mucus, fat + lecithin
Cells + cell debris
53
Q

Bile salts

4 functions

A

Emulsify fats so lipases act on them
Help solubilise end products
Make products available for absorption by internal mucosa
Aid peristalsis

54
Q

Gall bladder

3 tunics form wall:

A

Inner mucosa with rugae
SMC muscularis
Outer covering of serosa

Connected to common bile duct by cystic duct

55
Q

Pancreas

A

Both endocrine + exocrine tissues

Endo = islets of langerhans

56
Q

Pancreatic ducts

5

A 
Small intercalated ducts
Intralobular ducts
Interlobular ducts
Main pancreatic duct
Common bile duct
57
Q

Pancreas:

Secretes

A 
Trypsin
Amylase
Lipase
Ribonuclease
Cholesterol esterase
Bicarbonate ions
58
Q

Large intestines

A

No enzymes produced

H2O reabsorption

59
Q

Large intestine:

4 regions

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

60
Q

Vermiform appendix

A

Many lymph nodules in walls

61
Q

Cecum

A

Small intestines meet at cecum

62
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of v. Appendix

63
Q

Perionitis

A

If appendix bursts

64
Q

Colon

4 parts

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid

Larger diameter + thinner wall than s intestine

65
Q

Taenia coli

A

3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that run entire length of colon

66
Q

Colon:

Haustra

A

Pouches

Permit expansion + elongation

67
Q

Colon:

Major characteristics

A

Lack of villi
Distinctive intestinal glands
= crypts with abundance of goblet cells

68
Q

Rectum

A

Straight, muscular tube
Last 15cm of digestive tract
Expandable organ for temporary storage of fecal material
Movement into it triggers urge to defecate

69
Q

Anal canal

A

Last portion of rectum

Contains renal columns - joined by transverse folds

70
Q

Haemorrhoids

A

Enlargement/inflammation of veins supplying anal canal

Pain, itching, bleeding

Anatomy (12 decks)

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