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Histology Mod 2 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the layers of the Digestive canal.

A

Mucosa (and Muscularis mucosa), Submucosa, Muscularis externa and Serosa or Adventitia.

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2
Q

What makes up the Mucosa?

A

Epithelium lines the Lumen. Then the lamina propria, a loose connective tissue covers that. This CT has glands, rich vascularization, lymph vessels and lymph nodes. The muscularis mucosae covers this with an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.

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3
Q

What makes up the Submucosa?

A

Surrounds the mucosa with dense irregular fibroelastic CT. It has no glands except in esophagus and duodenum. Houses blood and lymph vessels, plus Meissner’s submucosal plexus.

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4
Q

Location and function of Meissner’s submucosal plexus?

A

Found in the Submucosa. Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve cell bodies that control motility and secretion. Part of the Enteric NS.

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5
Q

What makes up the Muscularis externa?

A

Covers the Submucosa layer. Has an inner circular and an outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers. These perform peristaltic activity. Also holds the Auerbach’s myenteric plexus.

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6
Q

Location and function of Auerbach’s myenteric plexus?

A

Found in between the two muscle layers of Muscularis externa. Regulates the activity of muscularis externa. Part of the Enteric NS.

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7
Q

What makes up the Serosa/ Adventitia?

A

CT that covers the Muscularis externa. If the tube is intraperitoneal, its covered by serosa. If the tube is retroperitoneal, it is adventitia.

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8
Q

What are the effects of the Parasympathetic control on Digestive sys?

A

Stimulates peristalsis, inhibits sphincter muscles and triggers secretion. “Works” with vagus and sacral outflow.

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9
Q

What are the effects of the Sympathetic control on Digestive sys?

A

Inhibits peristalsis and activated sphincters. “Works” with splanchnic nerves.

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10
Q

Describe the layers of the Esophagus.

A

Epithelium - Thick stratified squamous nonkertinized epithelium
Lamina propria - esophageal cardias glands which produce a mucoid secretion.
Muscularis mucosa - single layer of longitudinally oriented smooth muscle
Submucosa - dense CT, has esophageal glands proper (tubuloacinar glands) that produce a mucous secretion. Also Meissner’s submucosal plexus.
Muscularis externa - outer layer top 1/3 is skeletal muscle, middle 1/3 is skeletal and smooth and the bottom 1/3 is smooth muscle. Also has Auerbach’s plexus.
Adventitia before diaphragm, serosa after.

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11
Q

Describe the Mucosal lining of the stomach.

A

Lining is simple columnar epithelium with tubular gastric glands. Glands open into the mucosa through “gastric pits.” The lamina propria has A LOT of gastric glands, called Fundic glands. The muscularis mucosa has the normal layering of muscles, plus an extra outermost circular layer (not always seen).

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12
Q

What are Fundic glands?

A

Gastric glands that extend from the muscularis mucosae to the base of the gastric pit. 6 cells types: surface lining cells, parietal (oxyntic), regenerative (stem) cells, mucous neck cells, chief (zygomatic) cells and diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cells.

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13
Q

Location and function of Mucus neck cells.

A

Stomach, gastric glands - lamina propria fundus. Secrete mucus and HCO3 mixed with chyme and reducing friction, secrete lysosome bacteria into the pylorus. Have short microvilli.

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14
Q

Location and function of Regenerative (stem) cells.

A

Stomach, gastric glands - lamina propria. Replace all specialized cells in the gastric pit (5-7 days.

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15
Q

Location and function of Parietal cells.

A

Stomach, gastric glands - lamina propria. Manufacture HCl and gastric intrinsic factor (impt in absorption of vit B12) with get released into stomach lumen. Have microvilli. Eosinophilic. Redish bc acidic.

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16
Q

Location and function of Chif (Zygomatic) cells.

A

Stomach, gastric glands - lamina propria. Produce and secrete enzymes - renin, pepsinogen and lipase. HCl turns pepsinogen into pepsin. Purpleish bc they secrete enzymes.

17
Q

Location and function of DNES cells.

A

Stomach, gastric glands - lamina propria, small intestine. Produce endocrine, paracrine and neurocrine hormones. Cells can be open or closed.

18
Q

Location and function of A cells.

A

Stomach/ small intestine. Part of the DNES cells. Secretes glucagon, which stimulates glycogenolysis.

19
Q

Location and function of D cells.

A

Stomach/ Small intestine. Part of the DNES cells. Secretes somatostatin which inhibits hormone release from other DNES cells.

20
Q

Location and function of ECL cells.

A

Stomach/ Small intestine. Part of the DNES cells. Secret histamine which stimulates HCl secretion.

21
Q

Location and function of G cells.

A

Stomach/ Small intestine. Part of the DNES cells. Secretes gastrin, which stimulates HCl secretion, and gastric motility.

22
Q

What are the modifications that increase the luminal surface area of the small intestine?

A

Plicae circularesm, villi and microvilli.

23
Q

Location and structure of Crypts of Lieberkuhn.

A

Small and large intestines. Composed of DNES, surface absorptive, goblet, regenerative and Paneth (not in LI) cells .

24
Q

What are the regional differences between the D, J and I?

A

D - Brunner’s glands
I - lymphoid nodules, Peyer’s patches
J - neither Brunner’s or Peyer’s

25
Q

What are the cells of the Duodenum?

A

Surface absorptive cells (tall columnar, final destination for digestion & absorption of water and nutrients), Goblet cells, DNES, M Cell (transport antigens from intestine lumen to basolateral side, working with phagocytes), Regenerative cells, and Paneth cells, Brunner’s gland.

26
Q

Location and function of Brunner’s glands.

A

Duodenum - Submucosa. Provides alkaline mucus to neutralize the acid from the stomach.

27
Q

Location and function of Lacteals.

A

Small intestine - inside the villi. Lymphatic channels that provide passage for absorbed fat into lymphatic drainage.

28
Q

Location and function of Payer’s patches.

A

Small intestine - Ileum. Immune surveillance and generation of immune response within lamina propria (mucosa).

29
Q

What is unusual about the Muscularis externa and serosa of the large intestine?

A

They outer longitudinal layer is not continuous, but forms narrow “ribbons” called Taeniae coli. The Serosa has fat filled pouches called appendices epiploicae.

30
Q

Describe the Appendix.

A

Found in between the end of the ileum and the beginning of large intestine. Note that it has a lot of lymphatic tissue.

31
Q

Describe what makes up a Classic lobule.

A

A hexagon shape with a central vein inside.

32
Q

Describe what makes up a Portal area.

A

A triangular region where 3 classic lobules join together, has hepatic artery, portal vein and interlobular bile duct in between. The bile then goes to the bile duct. This is the EXOCRINE path.

33
Q

Describe what makes up a Hepatic acinus.

A

A diamond shape, with two opposing portal regions and opposite central veins. The functional aspect is that there is a movement of oxygenated blood from hepatic arteries.

34
Q

What are Hepatic sinusoids and the space of Disse?

A

Sinusoids are an area of blood flow, and the space between the hepatic cell and the sinusoid is the space of Disse.

35
Q

Location and function of Kupffer cells.

A

Located in the Hepatic sinusoids, are derived from monocytes. They adhere to endothelial cells and phagocytise foreign material.

Histology Mod 2 (8 decks)

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