Digestive System Flashcards
What is the major symptom of a peptic ulcer?
Abdominal Pain
What organism causes peptic ulcer
Helicobacter pylori
Gram -
What is the mode of transmission for peptic ulcer
Fecal-oral transmission
Key associations of peptic ulcers?
Relieved by food id duodenal, exacerbated by food is gastric
What is the major symptom of Cholera
Explosive watery diarrhea and vomiting
“RICE WATER STOOL’
What causes bacterial gastroenteritis aka Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Mode of transmission for cholera
Fecal oral through food and water
Gram -
Key facts of cholera
Most common Vibrio in humans only in freshwater
What are symptoms of Shigellosis
Abdominal cramps, fever, diarrhea, purulent bloody stools
What causes bacterial gastroenteritis aka Shigellosis
Shigella sonnet, S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae, S. Boyd II
How is Shigellosis spread?
Fecal oral by ingesting bacteria on contaminated hands or consuming contaminated cold foods and salads
Key facts of Shigellosis
Aka Bacillary dysentery; Shiga toxin; in US, S. sonnei 2/3 and S. Flexneri 1/3
Symptoms of travelers diarrhea
Watery diarrhea, cramps, nausea and vomiting
What causes travelers Diarrhea
Escherichia Colli O157:H7
Gram -
How does travelers diarrhea spread
Fecal oral by eating undercooked beef or unpasteurized milk/fruit juice contaminated with feces
Key facts of travelers diarrhea
E. coli most commonly causes GI infection
Symptoms of Campylobacter Diarrhea
Bloody and frequent diarrhea (10+/DAY x 7-10 days)
What causes campylobacter diarrhea
Campylobacter jejuni
Gram -
Mode of transmission of campylobacter diarrhea
Consuming contaminated food, milk, or water.
POULTRY IS THE MOST COMMON
Key facts of campylobacter diarrhea
MOST COMMON CAUSE OF BACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS IN THE US
Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by?
Clostridium difficile
Symptoms of Pseudomembranous colitis
Diarrhea, inflammation of colon with formation of pseudo-membranes
Mode of transmission of Pseudomembranous colitis
EXTREMELY COMMON OPPORTUNIST AFTER TAKING ANTIMICROBIALS; COMMON NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
Key facts of Pseudomembranous colitis
LIFE THREATENING PERITONITIS due to massive internal infection by fecal bactera
Gram +
What are the symptoms of Salmonellosis
Non bloody diarrhea, fever, myalgia, headache, abdominal cramps
What causes Salmonellosis
Salmonella enterica enteritidis, S. enterica typphimurium
Mode of transmission of salmonellosis
Eating contaminated EGGS, poultry, inadequately pasteurized milk
Key facts of Salmonellosis
Aka salmonella food poisoning or Salmonella poisoning
Gram -
Symptoms of Salmonellosis; Typhoid fever aka enteric fever
Fever, headache, muscle pains, malaise, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, bacteremia; can lead to PERITONITIS
What causes typhoid fever aka enteric fever
Salmonella enterica typhi, S. enterica paratyphi
Mode of transmission of typhoid fever aka enteric fever
Contaminated water or food
Key facts of typhoid fever aka enteric fever
Famous carrier is typhoid mary
Gram -
Symptoms of Staphylococcal food poisoning
N/V, diarrhea, cramping
What causes staphylococcal food poisoning
Staphylococcus aureus
Mode of transmission of staphylococcal food poisoning
Contaminated food
Key facts of staphylococcal food poisoning
Gram. +
Symptoms of Clostridial food poisoning
Abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea, NO FEVER, or N/V
What causes Clostridial food poisoning
Clostridium perfringens
Gram +
Mode of transmission of Clostridial food poisoning
Ingestion of contaminated meat
Key facts of Clostridial food poisoning
Fairly benign,
What are the symptoms of Yersinia food poisoning
Inflammation of the intestinal tract: diarrhea, fever (weeks or months) sometimes mimics appendicitis
What causes Yersinia food poisoning
Yersinia enterocolitica
Gram -
Mode of transmission of Yersinia food poisoning
Consumption of contaminated PORK, milk, water, tofu
Key facts of Yersinia
Likes to infect kids
Symptoms of Bacillus cereus food poisoning
Mild food poisoning illness
What is bacillus cereus caused by
Bacillus cereus
Mode of transmission of bacillus cereus
Rice dished cooked and held at warm temperature for hours ex. (Mexican and chinese buffets)
Key facts of bacillus cereus
Aka FRIED RICE SYNDROME
Only a few cases a year
Gram +
Oral herpes symptoms
Cold sores
What causes oral herpes
Human Herpes Virus (HHV-1) (sometimes HHV-2)
Mode of transmission of oral herpes
Close contact with active lesions
Key facts of oral herpes
Latent virus usually in trigeminal ganglia
DNA not Gram +/-
Symptoms of mumps
Painful enlargement of parotid salivary glands (PAROTITIS)
Testicular swelling in boys (ORCHITIS)
What causes mumps
Mumps virus (Rubulavirus)
Mode of transmission of mumps
Respiratory secretions
Key facts of mumps
Vaccine has ALMOST eradicated mumps in the industrialized world
RNA virus
Symptoms of Viral gastroenteritis
N/V diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramps
What causes viral gastroenteritis
Norovirus (Calicivirus)
Astrovirus
Rotavirus
What’s unique about Norovirus (calcivirus) that causes viral gastroenteritis
Causes 90% of viral gastroenteritis, Norovirus is the #1 cause of foodborne illness in the US. Emerging disease
Astrovirus is unique in causing viral gastroenteritis because……
NO vomiting
Rotavirus causes gastroenteritis and is unique because
Most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis
Viral Gastroenteritis caused by Norovirus and mode of transmission is special because……
Oysters
Symptoms of Hepatitis A are…….
JAUNDICE, abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting, appetite loss
Hepatitis A is caused by what
Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
What is the mode of transmission of Hepatitis A
Transmitted though the fecal-oral route
Key facts of Hepatitis A
aka INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS, survives on various surfaces and is RESISTANT TO COMMON HOUSEHOLD DISINFECTANTS
Hepatitis B symptoms
Most asymptomatic or have mild symptoms; JAUNDICE, abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting, appetite loss; can cause severe liver damage; ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER CANCER
What causes Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B virus
Mode of transmission of Hepatits B
Infected needles, sexual intercourse, and passage to babies during childbirth
Key facts of Hepatits B
COINFECTION WITH HEPATITIS D VIRUS INCREASES RISK OF PERMANENT LIVER DAMAGE
DNA VIRUS
symptoms of viral gastroenteritis
N/V diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramps
causes of gastroenteritis
Norovirus ( Calicivirus)
Astrovirus
Rotavirus
These all are RNA viruses
What special food and virus causes gastroenteritis
Norovirus food like oysters
What causes 90% of viral gastroentertis
Norovirus, #1 cause of foodborne illness in the US; emerging disease
Which virus that causes gastroenteritis has no vomiting occur
Astrovirus
What causes the most common cause of gastroenteritis
Rotavirus
symptoms of Hepatits A
JAUNDICE, abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting, appetite loss
What causes Hepatitis A
HEPATITIS A virus (HAV) RNA virus
mode of transmission of Hepatitis A
fecal-oral route
Key facts of Hepatits A
aka infectious Hepatitis, survives on various surfaces and is RESISTANT TO COMMON HOUSEHOLD DISINFECTANTS
Symptoms of Hepatitis B
JAUNDICE, most asymptomatic mild symptoms. ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER CANCER
cause of Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) DNA virus
mode of transmission of Hepatitis B
infected needles, sexual intercourse, and passage to babies during childbirth
Key facts of Hepatitis B
COINFECTION WITH HEPATITIS D VIRUS INCREASES RISK OF PERMANENT LIVER DAMAGE
symptoms of Hepatatis C
chronic infection with few if any symptoms
what causes hep C
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA virus
transmission of Hep C
needles (includes piercings and tattoos), organ transplants, blood transfussions, and sexual activity
Key facts of Hep C
accounts for MOST NON A, NON B HEPATITIS IN THE US
symptoms of Hepatitis D
JAUNDICE, abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting, appetite loss; PLAYS A ROLE IN TRIGGERING LIVER CANCER
causes of Hep D
Hepatitis D Virus RNA virus
transmission of Hep D
bodily fluids, sexual activity and contaminated needles
key facts of Hep D
needs HBV coinfection, so called SATELLITE VIRUS
symptoms of Hep E
jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting, FATAL IN 20% OF PREGNANT WOMEN
causes Hep E
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Rna virus
transmission of Hep E
fecal oral route, found in seafood, pigs, cows and unclean water
key facts of Hep E
aka ENTERIC HEPATITS
symptoms of Giardiasis
severe watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, ineffective absorption of nutrients, low grade fever, ‘ROTTEN EGG’ SMELLING STOOLS
causes Giardiasis
Giardia intestinalis (previously known as G. Lamblia) it is a protozoa
transmission of Giardiasis
ingesting cysts in contaminated water or when swimming
fact about Giardiasis
BEAVER FEVER; COMMON WATERBORNE GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE IN THE US
symptoms of Cryptosporidiosis
severe diarrhea, headache, muscular pain, cramping, sever fluid and weight loss
causes Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidium parvum its a protozoa
transmission of Cryptosporidiosis
drinking contaminated water; fecal oral transmission route
key facts of Cryptosporidiosis
aka CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ENTERITIS
symptoms of Amebiasis
LUMINAL AMEBIASIS is asymptomatic,
INVASIVE AMEBIC DYSENTERY causes severe diarrhea, colitis, appendicitis
INVASIVE EXTRAINTESTINAL AMEBIASIS causes necrotic lesions in various organs
causes of amebiasis
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoa
transmission of amebiasis
consumption of contaminated food or water, from contaminated hands or oral-anal intercourse
key facts of amebiasis
90% OF CASES ARE LUMINAL AMEBIASIS
symptoms of cyclosporiasis
cramps, watery diarrhea, myalgia, and fever, AIDS patients more sever
causes of cyclosporiasis
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoa
transmission of cyclosporiasis
ingestion of oocysts in contaminated food or water, outbreaks have been linked to RASBERRIES
what causes tapeworm infestations and most are asymptomatic and weight loss
Taenia saginata and Taenia solium
contaminated beef/pork
what causes tapeworm infestations and 80% of cases are asymptomatic, weight loss, and megaloblastic anemia
Diphyllobothrium lactum
undercooked fish
what causes tapeworm infestations and symptoms are HYDATID cysts can occur in any organ but occur PRIMARILY IN THE LIVER
echinococcus granulosus
contaminated dog feces
what organism causes tapeworm infestations
Helminth (cestode)
what is beef tapeworm called
PROGLOTTIDS
What is pork tapeworm called
PROGLOTTIDS
what is fish tapeworm called
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIASIS
what is dog tapeworm called
canine tapeworm
symtpoms of Ascariasis
MOST ASYMTOMPATIC
causes of Ascariasis
Ascaris lumbricoides a Helminth (nematode)
transmission of Ascariasis
eggs are ingested in water or on vegatables
key facts of Ascariasis
MOST COMMON NEMATODE INFECTION OF HUMANS WORLDWIDE
symptoms of hookworm infections
GROUND ITCH at site of larvae penetrations; causes chronic ANEMIA, IRON AND PROTEIN DEFICIENCES
causes hookworm
necator americanus
Ancylostoma duodenale
Both are nematodes
transmission of hookworm
larvae penetrate the skin, usually of the foot
key fact of hookworm
2ND MOST COMMON NEMATODE AFFFECTING HUMANS WORLDWIDE
symptoms of pinworm infestations
INTENSE PERIANAL ITCHING (ESP AT NIGHT), irritabiliity, decreased appetite, 1/3 cases are asymptomatic
causes pinworm
Enterobius vermicularis is a nematode
transmission of pinworm
females deposit eggs in the perianal region AT NIGHT, EASILY SPREAD ON BEDDING, FROM PERSON TO PERSON AFTER SCRATCHING
key facts of pinworm
MOST COMMON PARASITIC WORM IN THE US; common in children
Dracunculiasis symptoms
after about a year of infection, the WORM FORMS A BLISTER on the skin, GENERALLY ON THE FOOT, which breaks open
causes Dracunculiasis
Dracunculus medinensis is a nemotode
transmission of Dracunculiasis
ingesting water contaminated with copepods
key facts of Dracunculiasis
aka GUINEA WORM DISEASE, traditional treatment technique involves WINDING THE WORM OUT ON A STICK
symptoms of Trichinosis
mild cases ASYMPTOMATIC, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, MUSCLE PAIN AND WEAKNESS, facial swelling around the eye
causes Trichinosis
Trichinella spiralis is a nematode
transmission of Trichinosis
ingresting undercooked pork containing cysts
key facts of Trichinosis
aka TRICHINELLOSIS; NOT COMMON IN US
