Digestive System

Question 1

What is the GI tract composed of?

Answer 1

Mouth, Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intesitne, anus

Question 2

What are the accessories to the GI tract?

Answer 2

Teeth, Tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas

Question 3

What is the digestion process?

Answer 3

Ingestion through the mouth, propulsion, mechanical digestion by chewing and churning then mixing by segmentation. Chemical digestion by secreting enzymes, absorption which is the transport of digested products, and defecation

Question 4

Characteristics of smooth muscle

Answer 4

Tapered
One nucleus
Doesn’t require nervous signal
No striations

Question 5

6 locations of smooth muscle

Answer 5

Inside eye
Walls of vessels
Respiratory tubes
Digestive tubes
Urinary organs
Reproductive organs

Question 6

What is the mouth

Answer 6

An oral cavity, with stratified squamous lining

Question 7

Lips muscle

Answer 7

Orbicularis

Question 8

Cheeks muscle

Answer 8

Buccinator

Question 9

Characterizes of tongue

Answer 9

Muscles, bolts, swallow, speech
Taste buds = papillae
Back of tounge = lingual tonsil

Question 10

Characteristics of teeth

Answer 10

Live in sockets of mandible + maxilla, move mandible to chew, can be primary or deciduous, can be imbedded in bone

Question 11

Classification of teeth

Answer 11

Insisors: chop
Canines: tear
Molars: grind

Question 12

Characteristics of saliva

Answer 12

Water, Ions, Mucus, Enzymes
Dissolves food, enzymatic digestion, anti viral/bacterial

Question 13

Characteristics of pharynx

Answer 13

3 constrictor muscles, squeeze bolts to esophagus, skeletal, voluntary

Question 14

Characteristics of esophagus

Answer 14

Collapse when no food is in it, goes through thorax

Question 15

Stomach characteristics

Answer 15

J shaped, temporary storage, nutrients usually get ingested in the small intestine
Pepsin: breaks down protein
HCI: kill bacteria

Question 16

What are the stomach regions

Answer 16

Fundus
Body
Pylorus- chyme leaves here

Question 17

What is rugae

Answer 17

Longitudinal folds

Question 18

What are the Muscularis?

Answer 18

Oblique
Circular
Longitudinal

Question 19

What are the 3 linings in the stomach

Answer 19

Mucus neck cells which make mucus
Parietal cells which make HCI and kill pathogens
Chief cells which combined with HCI and Pepsinogen create pepsin. Doesn’t work until it’s connected.

Question 20

What is the lumen?

Answer 20

A storage area for food

Question 21

What are the 3 subsections of the small intestine

Answer 21

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Question 22

Charctristes of the small intestine

Answer 22

Enzymatic digestion happens here
Absorption of nutrients into the blood stream
Enzymes from Pancreas
Runs from the Phyllis sphincter to the large intestine

Question 23

How does surface area work in the small intestine?

Answer 23

There is lots of surface area because of the circular folds which have villi and microvilli and is a simple columnar epithelium

Question 24

What is an absorptive cell?

Answer 24

Increased surface area
Has many mitochondria for energy

Question 25

What’s the main function of the large intestine

Answer 25

Absorb water and electrolytes

Question 26

Name the subdivisions of the large intestine and a short description of each

Answer 26

Cecum: Waste drips into here, absorbs fluids+salt, mix contents Appendix: Helps the immune system Colon: Removes water, some nutrients + electrolytes Rectum: where waste colllects Anal canal: Stores wastes until its passed through anus

Question 27

What are the segments of the colon

Answer 27

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

Question 28

What is a mass peristaltic movement? Where does it happen?

Answer 28

It’s is when the colon forces feces towards rectum

Question 29

Characteristics of the Rectum

Answer 29

In pelvis Has a longitudinal muscle layer Has valves

Question 30

What is the muscle in/out of the anal canal? Voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 30

Internal is smooth muscle and is involuntary External is skeletal muscle and is voluntary

Question 31

Basic histology of the large intestine

Answer 31

No Villi Columnar cells = absorptive cell Lots of goblet cells

Question 32

What is the process of defecation?

Answer 32

Stretching of walls is the trigger The stretching stimulates smooth muscle and the relaxation of the sphincter

Question 33

Basic function of the liver

Answer 33

Produces bile Picks glucose from the blood Stored glucose as glycogen Vitamins Detox from drugs and posion

Question 34

Basic of pancreas

Answer 34

Has a head, tail, and body Main ducts joins the bile duct Makes insulin and other enzymes

Question 35

Charctertics of gallbladder

Answer 35

Bile is stored here Bile is excreted into the duodenum if you eat a fatty meal Bile dissolves both fat and cholesterol If bile were to crystallize, gall stones will form

Question 36

How do fats get absorbed?

Answer 36

Into lacteals then to blood then to liver

Question 37

How do carbs and proteins get absorbed?

Answer 37

Into blood then to the liver by the hepatic portal vein

Question 38

What stomach cells make HCI and Pepsinogen?

Answer 38

Parietal cells make HCI and Chief cells make Pepsinogen

Question 39

What do bile and lipase do together

Answer 39

Bile emulsifies fats, lipase breaks them into fatty acids + glycerol