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ANAPHY ni sya > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the process of breaking down large food particles into smaller ones using enzymes?

A

Chemical digestion

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2
Q

Identify the part of the digestive tract where most nutrients are absorbed

A

Small intestine

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3
Q

Name the largest internal organ of the body that plays a crucial role in metabolism and bile production

A

Liver

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4
Q

What are the fingerlike projections in the small intestine that increase its surface area for absorption called?

A

Villi

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5
Q

Which digestive organ is responsible for water absorption and feces formation?

A

Large intestine

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6
Q

What is the name of the enzyme in saliva that begins the digestion of carbohydrates?

A

Salivary amylase

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7
Q

Identify the three major parts of the small intestine.

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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8
Q

What is the term for rhythmic contractions that move food along the digestive tract?

A

Peristalsis

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9
Q

What is the protective mechanism called that expels toxic substances from the stomach?

A

Vomiting

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10
Q

What is the term for the removal of undigested materials and waste products from the body as feces?

A

Elimination

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11
Q

Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for absorption and contains the villi?

A

Mucosa

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12
Q

What is the name of the small, sac-like structure attached to the cecum?

A

Appendix

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13
Q

What is the term for the enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

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14
Q

Which structure in the liver collects bile and transports it to the gallbladder?

A

Hepatic ducts

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15
Q

What are the muscular waves that mix food with stomach secretions called?

A

Mixing waves

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16
Q

Identify the valve that prevents the backflow of contents from the large intestine into the small intestine.

A

Ileocecal valve

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17
Q

What substance produced by the stomach is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12?

A

Intrinsic factor

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18
Q

What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme?

A

Secretin

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19
Q

Which glands produce a mixture of serous and mucous fluids in the mouth?

A

Salivary glands

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20
Q

What is the role of bile salts in digestion

A

Emulsification of fats

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21
Q

Name the three phases of stomach secretion regulation.

A

Cephalic, gastric, intestinal

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22
Q

What is the name of the network of nerves that controls movement and secretion in the digestive tract?

A

Enteric nervous system

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23
Q

Which part of the digestive system contains Peyer patches to protect against harmful pathogens?

A

Ileum

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24
Q

Identify the substance in bile responsible for its greenish-yellow color and its role in excretion.

A

Bilirubin

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25
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue sheets that hold abdominal organs in place and provide a route for blood vessels and nerves?

A

Mesenteries

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26
Q

Which part of the stomach connects to the small intestine?

A

Pyloric part

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27
Q

What is the name of the valve that regulates the passage of food from the stomach into the small intestine?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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28
Q

Which organ produces enzymes like trypsin and lipase for digestion?

A

Pancreas

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29
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Stores and concentrates bile

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30
Q

Identify the primary function of the large intestine

A

Absorption of water and formation of feces

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31
Q

Which part of the digestive system is lined with stratified squamous epithelium to protect against abrasion?

A

Esophagus

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32
Q

What is the term for the folds in the stomach lining that allow it to expand?

A

Rugae

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33
Q

Which substance, secreted by goblet cells, protects the digestive lining?

A

Mucus

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34
Q

Name the sphincter located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach.

A

Lower esophageal sphincter (or cardiac sphincter)

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35
Q

Which type of epithelial cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?

A

Parietal cells

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36
Q

What is the name of the process by which food molecules are transported into the blood or lymph from the digestive tract?

A

Absorption

37
Q

What is the term for the mixture of partially digested food and stomach secretions?

A

Chyme

38
Q

Identify the three parts of the pharynx involved in digestion.

A

Oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx

39
Q

Which enzyme continues carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?

A

Pancreatic amylase

40
Q

What is the primary role of the jejunum?

A

Nutrient absorption

41
Q

Which accessory gland is responsible for producing saliva?

A

Salivary glands

42
Q

What is the term for the contraction of the abdominal muscles to increase pressure during defecation?

A

Straining

43
Q

What is the process of consuming solid or liquid food called?

A

Ingestion

44
Q

What is the term for the chewing process that breaks down food into smaller pieces?

A

Mastication

45
Q

What is the name of the process that moves food from one end of the digestive tract to the other?

A

Propulsion

46
Q

What is the movement of food back and forth in the digestive tract to mix it with secretions called?

A

Mixing

47
Q

What is the breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller molecules through mechanical and chemical means?

A

Digestion

48
Q

What is the addition of liquids, enzymes, and mucus to food during digestion called?

A

Secretion

49
Q

What is the movement of nutrients from the digestive tract into the blood or lymph called?

A

Absorption

50
Q

What is the term for the removal of undigested material and waste products as feces?

A

Elimination

51
Q

Which layer of the digestive tract is the innermost and responsible for secretion and absorption?

A

Mucosa

52
Q

What layer lies just outside the mucosa and contains nerves, blood vessels, and glands?

A

Submucosa

53
Q

What is the layer of the digestive tract that consists of smooth muscle and is responsible for movement?

A

Muscularis

54
Q

What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract that protects and connects it to surrounding structures?

A

Serosa

55
Q

What is the name of the smooth epithelial layer that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity?

A

Peritoneum

56
Q

What is the specific name for the serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs?

A

Visceral peritoneum

57
Q

What is the connective tissue layer called that is not covered by peritoneum?

A

Adventitia

58
Q

What are the connective tissue sheets that provide a route for blood vessels and nerves in the abdominal cavity?

A

Mesenteries

59
Q

What is the largest salivary gland located just anterior to the ears?

A

Parotid gland

60
Q

What is the name of the digestive enzyme in saliva that begins the breakdown of starch?

A

Salivary amylase

61
Q

What is the name of the muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach?

A

Esophagus

62
Q

What is the term for the rhythmic contractions of the esophagus that move food to the stomach?

A

Peristalsis

63
Q

What is the name of the thick folds in the stomach lining that allow it to expand?

A

Rugae

64
Q

Which cells in the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

A

Parietal cells

65
Q

What is the semiliquid mixture of food and stomach secretions called?

A

Chyme

66
Q

What is the name of the hormone released by the duodenum to stimulate bile secretion?

A

Secretin

67
Q

Which part of the small intestine is the shortest and directly receives chyme from the stomach?

A

Duodenum

68
Q

What are the even smaller extensions on the surface of villi that further increase surface area?

A

Microvilli

69
Q

What are the folds in the small intestine’s mucosa and submucosa that enhance nutrient absorption?

A

Circular folds

70
Q

Which part of the digestive system absorbs water and forms feces?

A

Large intestine

71
Q

What is the name of the small pouch-like structure at the beginning of the large intestine?

A

Cecum

72
Q

What is the final part of the large intestine where feces are stored before elimination?

A

Rectum

73
Q

What is the term for the process of removing feces from the body?

A

Defecation

74
Q

What are the lymphatic nodules in the ileum that help protect against pathogens called?

A

Peyer patches

75
Q

What is the protective lining in the stomach that prevents damage from acidic gastric secretions?

A

Mucus

76
Q

Which cells in the stomach produce pepsinogen, the precursor to pepsin?

A

Chief cells

77
Q

What is the name of the structure that prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

78
Q

What is the term for the wave-like muscle contractions that propel food through the digestive tract?

A

Peristalsis

79
Q

What is the name of the digestive enzyme that breaks down starch into disaccharides?

A

Amylase

80
Q

What is the mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices in the stomach called?

A

Chyme

81
Q

Which accessory organ produces bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme?

A

Pancreas

82
Q

What is the name of the circular muscle at the junction of the small intestine and large intestine?

A

Ileocecal sphincter

83
Q

What is the name of the layer of the stomach that folds to form rugae when empty?

A

Mucosa

84
Q

What are the blood capillaries in the villi of the small intestine that transport absorbed nutrients called?

A

Lacteals

85
Q

What is the enzyme produced by the pancreas that digests proteins?

A

Trypsin

86
Q

What are the clusters of alveoli-like structures in salivary glands that produce saliva?

A

Acini

87
Q

What type of cells in the small intestine secrete mucus for lubrication and protection?

A

Goblet cells

88
Q

What is the name of the epithelial cells in the small intestine that produce digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients?

A

Absorptive cells

ANAPHY ni sya (5 decks)

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