DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
What is the term for the process of breaking down large food particles into smaller ones using enzymes?
Chemical digestion
Identify the part of the digestive tract where most nutrients are absorbed
Small intestine
Name the largest internal organ of the body that plays a crucial role in metabolism and bile production
Liver
What are the fingerlike projections in the small intestine that increase its surface area for absorption called?
Villi
Which digestive organ is responsible for water absorption and feces formation?
Large intestine
What is the name of the enzyme in saliva that begins the digestion of carbohydrates?
Salivary amylase
Identify the three major parts of the small intestine.
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What is the term for rhythmic contractions that move food along the digestive tract?
Peristalsis
What is the protective mechanism called that expels toxic substances from the stomach?
Vomiting
What is the term for the removal of undigested materials and waste products from the body as feces?
Elimination
Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for absorption and contains the villi?
Mucosa
What is the name of the small, sac-like structure attached to the cecum?
Appendix
What is the term for the enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach?
Pepsin
Which structure in the liver collects bile and transports it to the gallbladder?
Hepatic ducts
What are the muscular waves that mix food with stomach secretions called?
Mixing waves
Identify the valve that prevents the backflow of contents from the large intestine into the small intestine.
Ileocecal valve
What substance produced by the stomach is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12?
Intrinsic factor
What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme?
Secretin
Which glands produce a mixture of serous and mucous fluids in the mouth?
Salivary glands
What is the role of bile salts in digestion
Emulsification of fats
Name the three phases of stomach secretion regulation.
Cephalic, gastric, intestinal
What is the name of the network of nerves that controls movement and secretion in the digestive tract?
Enteric nervous system
Which part of the digestive system contains Peyer patches to protect against harmful pathogens?
Ileum
Identify the substance in bile responsible for its greenish-yellow color and its role in excretion.
Bilirubin
What is the name of the connective tissue sheets that hold abdominal organs in place and provide a route for blood vessels and nerves?
Mesenteries
Which part of the stomach connects to the small intestine?
Pyloric part
What is the name of the valve that regulates the passage of food from the stomach into the small intestine?
Pyloric sphincter
Which organ produces enzymes like trypsin and lipase for digestion?
Pancreas
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores and concentrates bile
Identify the primary function of the large intestine
Absorption of water and formation of feces
Which part of the digestive system is lined with stratified squamous epithelium to protect against abrasion?
Esophagus
What is the term for the folds in the stomach lining that allow it to expand?
Rugae
Which substance, secreted by goblet cells, protects the digestive lining?
Mucus
Name the sphincter located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach.
Lower esophageal sphincter (or cardiac sphincter)
Which type of epithelial cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?
Parietal cells
What is the name of the process by which food molecules are transported into the blood or lymph from the digestive tract?
Absorption
What is the term for the mixture of partially digested food and stomach secretions?
Chyme
Identify the three parts of the pharynx involved in digestion.
Oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx
Which enzyme continues carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?
Pancreatic amylase
What is the primary role of the jejunum?
Nutrient absorption
Which accessory gland is responsible for producing saliva?
Salivary glands
What is the term for the contraction of the abdominal muscles to increase pressure during defecation?
Straining
What is the process of consuming solid or liquid food called?
Ingestion
What is the term for the chewing process that breaks down food into smaller pieces?
Mastication
What is the name of the process that moves food from one end of the digestive tract to the other?
Propulsion
What is the movement of food back and forth in the digestive tract to mix it with secretions called?
Mixing
What is the breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller molecules through mechanical and chemical means?
Digestion
What is the addition of liquids, enzymes, and mucus to food during digestion called?
Secretion
What is the movement of nutrients from the digestive tract into the blood or lymph called?
Absorption
What is the term for the removal of undigested material and waste products as feces?
Elimination
Which layer of the digestive tract is the innermost and responsible for secretion and absorption?
Mucosa
What layer lies just outside the mucosa and contains nerves, blood vessels, and glands?
Submucosa
What is the layer of the digestive tract that consists of smooth muscle and is responsible for movement?
Muscularis
What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract that protects and connects it to surrounding structures?
Serosa
What is the name of the smooth epithelial layer that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity?
Peritoneum
What is the specific name for the serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs?
Visceral peritoneum
What is the connective tissue layer called that is not covered by peritoneum?
Adventitia
What are the connective tissue sheets that provide a route for blood vessels and nerves in the abdominal cavity?
Mesenteries
What is the largest salivary gland located just anterior to the ears?
Parotid gland
What is the name of the digestive enzyme in saliva that begins the breakdown of starch?
Salivary amylase
What is the name of the muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach?
Esophagus
What is the term for the rhythmic contractions of the esophagus that move food to the stomach?
Peristalsis
What is the name of the thick folds in the stomach lining that allow it to expand?
Rugae
Which cells in the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?
Parietal cells
What is the semiliquid mixture of food and stomach secretions called?
Chyme
What is the name of the hormone released by the duodenum to stimulate bile secretion?
Secretin
Which part of the small intestine is the shortest and directly receives chyme from the stomach?
Duodenum
What are the even smaller extensions on the surface of villi that further increase surface area?
Microvilli
What are the folds in the small intestine’s mucosa and submucosa that enhance nutrient absorption?
Circular folds
Which part of the digestive system absorbs water and forms feces?
Large intestine
What is the name of the small pouch-like structure at the beginning of the large intestine?
Cecum
What is the final part of the large intestine where feces are stored before elimination?
Rectum
What is the term for the process of removing feces from the body?
Defecation
What are the lymphatic nodules in the ileum that help protect against pathogens called?
Peyer patches
What is the protective lining in the stomach that prevents damage from acidic gastric secretions?
Mucus
Which cells in the stomach produce pepsinogen, the precursor to pepsin?
Chief cells
What is the name of the structure that prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing?
Epiglottis
What is the term for the wave-like muscle contractions that propel food through the digestive tract?
Peristalsis
What is the name of the digestive enzyme that breaks down starch into disaccharides?
Amylase
What is the mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices in the stomach called?
Chyme
Which accessory organ produces bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme?
Pancreas
What is the name of the circular muscle at the junction of the small intestine and large intestine?
Ileocecal sphincter
What is the name of the layer of the stomach that folds to form rugae when empty?
Mucosa
What are the blood capillaries in the villi of the small intestine that transport absorbed nutrients called?
Lacteals
What is the enzyme produced by the pancreas that digests proteins?
Trypsin
What are the clusters of alveoli-like structures in salivary glands that produce saliva?
Acini
What type of cells in the small intestine secrete mucus for lubrication and protection?
Goblet cells
What is the name of the epithelial cells in the small intestine that produce digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients?
Absorptive cells
