Digestive System Flashcards
What happens in the mouth during digestion
You chew/break down the food (mechanical digestion), starch into maltose (chemical digestion)
Digestive system tissue layer (in order)
-Serosa: outermost, covers muscles
-Muscularis
-Submucosa: connective tissue with nerves and blood vessels
-Mucosa: innermost, interacts directly with food material
-Lumen: inside space where food travels
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Epiglottis function
Closes to cover glattis, prevents food from going down trachea
Different types of muscles (3 types)
Longitudinal (lengthwise), circular (circular), oblique (diagonally)
Sphinctors
Stops food from going to other organs (ex, cardiac, pyloric, ileo-caecal)
Secretin (what does it do-Lowers pH in small intestine)
Tells pancreas to make liquid that helps balance acid from from stomach in the small instestine
Why is physical digestion important?
Breaks food down, increase surface area, give enzyme more time for food digestion
Pancreatic juice
Helps digestion in small intestine Enzymes are
-Lipase: breaks down carbs, digest lipids (fatty acids + glycerol)
-Nucleases: digest DNA+RNA
-Pancreatic Amylase: breaks down polysac.’s into maltose (disac.’s)
-Trypsin: polypep’s broken down into peptides
Glucagon v insulin
Similarities: hormones made by pancreas, help maintain blood sugar balance in body
Diff’s: Insulin lower blood sugar levels, glucagon raises them
Storage form of glucose (glycogen)
Reserve of energy in body. When blood sugar levels drop, stored glycogen can be broken down into glucose to provide quick energy
What does trypsin do?
In small intestine, receives peptides, breaks down into amino acids
What organs are involved in protein digestion?
Stomach (starts with pepsin) then to the small intestine (with peptidases and trypsin)
Where does most absorption take place
Small intestine (mucosa layer)
Where is the appendix
In cecum (1st part of small intestine)
Where do pH changes occur? (details … 2 major changes, cause, purpose)
Stomach + small intestine
Cause: STOMACH: gastric juice contains HCl, SI: buffers in pancreatic juice make basic pH
Major Changes: 1st change in stomach, 2nd change in small intestine
Purpose: stomach acid only function in low pH, SI enzymes only function in high pH
Stomach (storage, transport, digestion)
Storage: rugae
Transport: peristalsis + sphinctor
Digestion: gastric juice + churning acid chyme
Small intestine (transport, digestion, absorption)
Transport: Peristalsis and sphinctor helps movement
Digestion: bile + pancreatic juice + enzymes with absorptions helps digestion
Absorption: enzymes + villi help absorption
Villi (capillaries, lacteal, microvilli)
Capillaries: blood vessels, absorb nutrients from small intestine
Lacteal: lymphatic vessels, absorb fats and vitamins from small intestine
Microvilli: cytoplasmic extensions on villi, increase surface area
Bile (where it is produced, stored, purpose, physical purposes)
Produced in liver, gallbladder stores excess bile, emulsifies lipids (breaks down fatty clusters into small droplets)
Protein as it travels down digestive system (if you ingest protein, what would it route be? When would things act on it?)
Starts in mouth (chewing teeth), then to stomach (churning + pepsin), finally into small intestine (trypsin breaks into peptides)
Gastrogen and secretin (digestive of proteins… how?)
Gastrogen: inactive enzyme that gets activated into pepsin, break down proteins in acidic natures
Secretin: hormone that stimulates pancreas to release liquids to neutralize acidic chyme from stomach, also lowers pH
Both help digestion of proteins
E.coli function
symbiotic relationship
Pepsin (location, what’s digested)
Stomach, proteins (polypep.’s to peptides)
Lipase (location, what’s digested)
Small intestine, lipids (fatty acids + glycerol)
What’s the hormone Gastrin function
Triggers release of gastric juice
Minerals must be ingested, our body does NOT make them naturally (T/F)
True
What do emulsification, chewing, churning all do
Increase efficiency of lipase
Pancreas + Liver exo/endo connections
Endo: pancreas makes insulin, transferred into glucose, stored as glycogen
Exo: pancreas enzymes (eg, lipase) turn into bile
What does the large intestine absorb?
Water, salt, vitamins
What makes up gastric juice?
Water, HCl, pepsinogen
