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ATI TEAS TEST > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

How does ingested food move through the digestive tract?

A
  • Swallowing, which consists of three phases:
  • the voluntary buccal phase and the involuntary pharyngeal and esophageal phases.
  • Peristalsis: involuntary radial contraction and relaxation of the muscular externa of the digestive tract.
  • Segmentation of small intestine and haustral contractions in large intestines: non-adjacent portions of the intestines involuntarily contract and relax to move the chyme.
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2
Q

What are the four types of cells in the gastric glands of the stomach gastric glands of the stomach mucosa?

A
  • Endocrine cells (G cells) release hormones such as gastrin into the blood
  • Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor (required for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine), and hydrochloride acid (HCI), which lowers the pH of gastric juice.
  • Chief cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase.
  • Mucous cells secrete bicarbonate- containing mucus to protect the stomach from the acidity and digestive enzymes.
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3
Q

How does ingested food move through the digestive tract?

A

Swallowing, which consists of three phases: The voluntary buccal phase and the involuntary pharyngeal and esophageal phase
Peristalsis: involuntary radial contraction and relaxation of the muscularis externa of the digestive tract.
Segmentation of small intestines and haustal contractions in large intestines: non-adjacent portions of the intestines involuntary contract and relax to move the chyme.

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4
Q

What are the four types of cells in the gastric glands of the stomach mucosa?

A

Endocrine cells (G cells) release hormones such as gastrin into the blood.
Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor (required for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestines), and hydrochloric acid (HCI), which lowers the pH of gastric juice.
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase.
Mucous cells secrete bicarbonate-containing mucus to protect the stomach from the acidity and digestive enzymes.

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5
Q

What are the four main regions of stomach?

A

Cardiac region: area where food is emptied into the stomach
Fundus: most superior region of the stomach
Body: the largest, most central region, curves toward the right to form a ā€œJā€ shape, with a lesser curvature and a greater curvature
Pylorus: funnel-shaped region below the body. The pyloric sphincter is the valve that regulates the release of small amounts of chyme into the small intestine.

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6
Q

How does muscle contraction occur?

A

When an action potential (electrical signal) reaches a muscle fiber, calcium ions are released. According to the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, these calcium ions bind to the myosin and actin, which assists in the binding of the myosin heads of the thick filaments to the actin molecules of the thin filaments. ATP released from glucose provides the energy necessary for the contraction.

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7
Q

What is bile and what is its function?

A

Bile is a yellow-green solution of bile salts, pigments (mainly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin), cholesterol, and electrolytes. Only the bile salts play a role in digestion, and they do so mechanically (not enzymatically) by emulsifying fats into smaller globules called micelles that can be acted on by lipases in the small intestine. Bile enhances the absorption of the fat soluble vitamins. Liver cells synthesize bile salts from cholesterol.

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8
Q

What are the primary roles of the liver?

A

Production of bile, metabolic functions like blood sugar regulation, and detoxification.

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9
Q

What are the three primary layers skin is composed of, respectively, from superficial to deep?

A

Epidermis: consists entirely of epithelial cells, does not contain any blood vessels. Most epidermal cells are keratinized.
Dermis: consists mostly of connective tissue, contains blood vessels, sensor receptors, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. The dermis also contains elastin and collagen fibers.
Hypodermis: subcutaneous layer consists of fat and connective tissue, which binds the skin to the underlying muscles, and helps insulate.

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10
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas?

A

As an endocrine gland, it releases insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the blood. As an exocrine gland, acinar cells of the pancreas release enzyme-rich solution that raises the pH. Pancreatic amylase digests starch, and pancreatic lipase digests fats proteases are released in their inactive form, but are activated in the small intestine. Nucleases digest nucleic acids.

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11
Q

Where does most chemical digestion take place?

A

The small intestine
Brush border enzymes of the microvilli (as well as pancreatic enzymes) break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids into smaller components which are then absorbed

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12
Q

What are the three regions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum: shortest and widest; receives chyme from the stomach and neutralizing digestive juices from the pancreas. Most of the chemical digestion of food occurs here; only really absorbs iron.
Jejunum: main site of absorption; dense microvilli
Ileum: longest, narrowest; absorbs vitamin B12, bile salts, and any nutrients that were not absorbed by the jejunum

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13
Q

What are the primary functions of the large intestine?

A

The absorption of vitamin K, biotin, sodium ions, chloride ions, and water
By the time chyme reaches the large intestine, most of the water (approximately 80%) has already been absorbed by the small intestine. As the chyme is pushed through the colon 90% of the remaining liquid is absorbed, leaving a mass of indigestible food, water, and bacteria.

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14
Q

What are the primary regions and structures of the large intestine?

A

The large intestine begins at the ileocecal valve, which leads to a pouch called the cecum, which receives chyme from the small intestine. It is also the site of a blind-ended tube called the appendix. The middle portion is the colon, further subdivided into the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon (becomes the rectum, which opens to the anus).

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15
Q

Mastication

A

voluntary act of chewing

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16
Q

Peristalsis

A

moves food from the pharynx to the esophagus to the stomach where an extra muscle layer helps to churn and mix the food.

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17
Q

Segmentation

A

occurs in the intestines in addition to peristalsis. Non-adjacent portions of the digestive tract contract and relax to move the chyme, partly digested food, back and forth.

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18
Q

The three pairs of major salivary glands:

A

the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

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19
Q

_____ begins the chemical breakdown of polysaccharides into simpler sugars, and ____ begins the breakdown of fats.

A
  • Salivary amylase
  • lingual lipase
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20
Q

____ is an enzyme that works together with immunoglobulin A to break down the cell walls of many bacteria.

A

Lysozyme

21
Q

___ is a protein that helps to form a gel- like coating that lubricates the bolus of food.

A

Mucin

22
Q

The esophagus (and the alimentary canal that follows) has a wall that consists of four layers:

A

the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa made of smooth muscle tissue, but the upper third of the esophagus is composed of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control. The middle portion is a micture of both skeletal and smooth muscle, and the lower third is entirely smooth muscle.

23
Q

The primary role of the stomach is

A

the storage and mechanical breakdown of food.

24
Q

The inner surface (mucosa) is folded into a series of ridges called ___ that allow the stomach to expand as it fills with food.

A

ragae

25
Q

As the food is mixed with gastric juices, it turns into a creamy paste called ___

A

chyme

26
Q

A valve called the ___ regulates the passage of chyme into the small intestine.

A

pyloric sphincter

27
Q

___ release hormones such as gastrin into the blood and do not contribute to gastric juices. The rest of the glands are exocrine and secrete their products into the stomach.

A

Endocrine cells (G cells)

28
Q

____ secrete intrinsic factor, which is required for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. They also release hydrochloric acid (HCU), which lowers the pH of gastric juice to an average range of 1 to 3. This acidic environment is required for the activation of pepsinogen, which is secreted by the chief cells.

A

Parietal cells

29
Q

The active form of pepsinogen is called ___ , it is a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptide chains.

A

pepsin

30
Q

The ___ secrete bicarbonate-containing mucus to protect the stomach from the acidity and digestive enzymes.

A

mucous cells

31
Q

If blood sugar is too high, the liver polymerizes glucose to form glycogen in a process called ___

A

glycogenesis.

32
Q

If blood sugar is too low, liver cells break down stored glycogen and release glucose monomers in a process called ____

A

glycogenolysis.

33
Q

In cases of prolonged fasting, the liver can produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as proteins and fats which is called ____

A

gluconeogenesis.

34
Q

The ___ is a triangular-shaped organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions.

A

pancreas

35
Q

The ____ is the last portion of the rectum, and it ends with an involuntary internal sphincter and a voluntary external sphincter.

A

anal canal

36
Q

A dilated region called the ___ functions as a storage area for feces before they are eliminated in the process of defecation.

A

rectal ampulla

37
Q

The network of neurons buried in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract that controls the function of the digestive system is called the ___

A

enteric nervous system (ENS)

38
Q

The ___ is embedded in the connective tissue of the submucosa. It functions in regulating local secretions, absorption, contraction of submucosal muscle, and blood flow.

A

submucosal plexus

39
Q

The ___ is located betweem the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa. It exerts control over the motility of the GI tract. It increases the tone, rate, intensity, and velocity of contractions.

A

myenteric plexus

40
Q

Which of the following enzymes begins the digestions of polysaccharides into simpler sugars?
a. Lipase
b. Amylase
c. Pepsin
d. Cholinesterase

A

b. Amylase

41
Q

The fundus refers to which of the following?
a. The most superior region of the stomach
b. The region where the trachea forks into primary bronchi
c. The thin stalk connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
d. The outer bone of the lower leg

A

a. The most superior region of the stomach

42
Q

If the parietal cells were unable to secrete substances into the gastric gland, which of the following scenarios would occur?
a. Pepsin would not convert to pepsinogen, resulting in the digestion of dietary proteins.
b. Pepsinogen would not convert to pepsin, resulting in the indigestion of dietary proteins.
c. Pepsin would convert to pepsinogen, resulting in the indigestion of dietary proteins.
d. Pepsinogen would convert to pepsin, resulting in the indigestion of dietary proteins.

A

b. Pepsinogen would not convert to pepsin, resulting in the indigestion of dietary proteins.

43
Q

The gastric puts contain specific cells that release chemicals responsible for the stimulation or initiation of the emptying of the stomach. What are these cells called?
a. Enteroendocrine cells
b. Mucous neck cells
c. Parietal cells
d. Chief cells

A

a. Enteroendocrine cells

44
Q

Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the lining of the stomach that aids in the digestion of proteins. Which of the following BEST describes the role of pepsin in protein digestion?
a. Pepsin separates the nucleotides in base pairs
b. Pepsin severs the peptide bonds between amino acids.
c. Pepsin separates the glycerol from fatty acids
d. Pepsin separates the glucose from fructose

A

b. Pepsin severs the peptide bonds between amino acids.

45
Q

Which section of the digestive system is responsible for water reabsorption?
a. The large intestine
b. The duodenum
c. The small intestine
d. The gallbladder

A

a. The large intestine

46
Q

Which is NOT a function of the pancreas?
a. Secretes the hormone insulin in response to growth hormone stimulation
b. Secretes bicarbonate into the small intestine to raise the pH from stomach secretions
c. Secretes enzymes used by the small intestine to digest fats, sugars, and proteins
d. Secretes hormones from its endocrine portion in order to regulate blood sugar levels

A

a. Secretes the hormone insulin in response to growth hormone stimulation

47
Q

What is the purpose of sodium bicarbonate when released into the lumen of the small intestine?
a. It works to chemically digest fats in the chyme
b. It decreases the pH of the chyme so as to prevent harm to the intestine
c. It works to chemically digest proteins in the chyme
d. It increases the pH of the chyme so as to prevent harm to the intestine

A

d. It increases the pH of the chyme so as to prevent harm to the intestine

48
Q

Which of the following correctly lusts the parts of the large intestine, in order?
a. Cecum, colon, and rectum
b. Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
c. Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons
d. Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

A

a. Cecum, colon, and rectum

49
Q

When food is traveling through the gastrointestinal system, what part of the small intestine does it enter immediately after leaving the stomach?
a. Jejunum
b. Duodenum
c. Ileum
d. Rectum

A

b. Duodenum

ATI TEAS TEST (5 decks)

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