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Medical Terminology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

abdomin/o

A

Abdomen

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2
Q

adhesi/o

A

Adhesion

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3
Q

amyl/o

A

Starch

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4
Q

an/o
proct/o = anus and rectum

A

Anus

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5
Q

appendic/o

A

Appendix

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6
Q

bil/o

A

Bile, gall
Biliary Cirrhosis - All of the bile ducts together are called the biliary tract. When the bile ducts become swollen or inflamed, this blocks the flow of bile. These changes can lead to scarring of the liver called cirrhosis.

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7
Q

bilirubin/o

A

Bile pigment - Bile pigments are the coloured compounds. These are the breakdown product of the haemoglobin. These are excreted in bile. The bile pigments are bilirubin and its oxidized form, biliverdin. Bilirubin is orangish yellow in colour and biliverdin is green in colour.

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8
Q

bucc/o

A

Cheek

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9
Q

caec/o

A

Caecum - a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines.

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10
Q

cheil/o

A

Lip

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11
Q

chol/e

A

Gall, bile
Cholelithiasis - Cholelithiasis or gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in your gallbladder.

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12
Q

Oliguria or Hypouresis

A

A lower than normal amount of urine output.

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12
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine

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13
Q

Oedema

A

A build-up of fluid in the body which causes the affected tissue to become swollen.

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14
Q

Interstitial nephritis

A

Kidney disorder in which the spaces between the kidney tubules become swollen (inflamed). This can cause problems with the way your kidneys work.
It lowers your kidneys’ ability to clean your blood and make urine (pee).

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15
Q

Urinalysis

A

A test of your urine. It’s used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease .

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16
Q

Kidney Biopsy

A

The removal of a small piece of kidney tissue for examination.

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17
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood presssure.

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18
Q

Azotemia

A

Azotemia is when you have too much nitrogen, creatinine and other waste products in your blood.

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19
Q

Dialysis

A

Dialysis is a way to clean your blood if your kidneys are no longer working properly. The kidneys act as filters for your body. They remove waste from the blood and get rid of it via your urine (wee). If your kidneys are not working properly, waste can build up in your blood.

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20
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

A hormone protein found in the small intestine. This causes the gallbladder to contract which can eject gallstones from the gallbladder into the cystic or bile ducts.

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21
Q

Barium Enema

A

An x-ray that shows abnormalities or changes in the large intestine (Colon). It is performed by having heavy white fluid (barium) inserted into the bowel through the rectum. This coats the inside of the bowel making it easier to see any problems on the x-ray.

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22
Q

Endoscopy

A

An endoscopy is a long thin tube that has a light and camera on the end of it. It is gently inserted into a body opening such as the mouth or anus and inserted until it reaches the organ that needs to be examined. The scope captures images and these are displayed on the computer for health professionals to examine.

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23
Q

Digestive system

A

Includes the Mouth, teeth, tongue, palate and salivary glands.
Oesophagus - Muscular tube that descends from the mouth down to the stomach. It is sometimes referred to as the food pipe.
Epiglottis
Stomach
Small Intestine, Pancreas, Gall Bladded and Bile Duct.
Large Intestine

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24
Q

Epiglottis

A

Closes off the trachea during to prevent
aspiration of food into the lungs.

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25
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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26
Q

gastr/o
Stomach

A

The stomach is immediately inferior to the left breast. The top portion of the stomach is known as the fundus.
Food enters through the lower oesophageal sphincter (also prevents backflow of stomach contents into the oesophagus) from the oesophagus and the stomach itself churns the food in a peristaltic
action to further break it down. Stomach acid (gastric acid) breaks the bolus down further, into a liquid known as chyme. The sphincter separating the stomach from the small intestine is the pyloric
sphincter.

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27
Q

Duoden/o
Duodenum

A

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. It is located between the stomach and the middle part of the small intestine, or jejunum.

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28
Q

jejun/o
Jejunum

A

The jejunum is one of three sections that make up the small intestine. The small intestine is part of the digestive system and is vital for breaking down and absorbing nutrients.

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29
Q

caec/o
Cecum

A

The cecum is the most proximal part of the large intestine and is located between the ileum (distal small bowel) and the ascending colon.

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30
Q

ile/o
Ileum

A

The ileum is the final portion of the small intestine, measuring around 3 meters, and ends at the cecum. It absorbs any final nutrients, with major absorptive products being vitamin B12 and bile acids.

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31
Q

appendic/o
Appendix

A

The appendix is a small finger-shaped tube that branches off the first part of the large intestine. The appendix can become inflamed or infected causing pain in the lower right part of the abdomen.

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32
Q

Ascending Colon

A

The ascending colon (or right colon) is the beginning part of the colon. It is usually located on the right side of the body, extending from the cecum upward. Although the colon is a continuous structure, the piece that is considered the ascending colon ends where the colon bends, just below the liver and gallbladder.

33
Q

Transverse Colon

A

The transverse colon is a section of the large intestine that runs across the abdomen. It is where the body absorbs water and salts from material that it cannot digest.

34
Q

Descending Colon

A

The descending colon is approximately 25 cm long and extends from the splenic flexure down to the pelvic brim. From the lateral border of the left kidney, it descends vertically and slightly toward the midline in the groove between the psoas and the quadratus lumborum to the iliac crest.

35
Q

Hepatic Flexure

A

Hepatic (or the right colic) flexure is the sharp bend between the ascending and the transverse colon. The right colic flexure is adjacent to the liver, and is therefore also known as the hepatic flexure.

36
Q

Splenic Flexure

A

The splenic flexure is the bend where the transverse colon and descending colon meet in the upper left part of your abdomen.

37
Q

sigmoid/o
Sigmoid Colon

A

The sigmoid colon is the last section of the bowel — the part that attaches to the rectum. It pushes feces along the bowel tract.

38
Q

rect/o
Rectum

A

The section of the digestive tract above the anus where stool is held before it passes out

39
Q

cholangi/o

A

Bile Duct
Cholangiogram - A special kind of X-ray imaging that shows those bile ducts. It’s used during surgery. With a typical X-ray, you get one picture. But a cholangiogram shows your doctor a live video of your bile ducts so they can see what’s happening in real-time.

40
Q

cholecyst/o

A

Gallbladder
Cholecysectomy - Surgery to remove the gall bladder.

41
Q

choledoch/o

A

Common bile duct
Choledocholithiasis - Presence of at least one gallstone in the common bile duct.

42
Q

cirrh/o

A

orange, yellow

43
Q

coeli/o

A

Abdomen
Coeliac - A condition where your immune system attacks your own tissues when you eat gluten

44
Q

col/o
colon/o

A

Colon, large intestine
Colorectal - relating to or affecting the colon and the rectum.
Colonoscopy - an exam used to look for changes — such as swollen, irritated tissues, polyps or cancer — in the large intestine (colon) and rectum. During a colonoscopy, a long, flexible tube (colonoscope) is inserted into the rectum.

45
Q

cyst/o

A

Urinary bladder, sac, cyst
Cholecystitis - redness and swelling (inflammation) of the gallbladder.

46
Q

dent/i
dent/o
odont/o

A

Teeth
Dentibuccal - Pertaining to the tooth and cheek.
Dentogingival - relating to, or connecting the teeth and the gums. The dentogingival junction.

47
Q

enter/o

A

Small intestine
Enteropathy - Ongoing damage or irritation and swelling to the small intestine. Celiac disease (CD) is the most common cause of enteropathy in western countries.

48
Q

faci/o

A

Face

49
Q

gingiv/o

A

Gums

50
Q

gloss/o

A

Tongue

51
Q

gluc/o
glyc/o

A

Sugar

52
Q

glycogen/o

A

Glycogen, animal starch
Glycogenesis - the formation of glycogen from sugar.

53
Q

hepat/o

A

Liver
Hepatitis - Inflammation of the liver

54
Q

herni/o

A

Hernia
Herniorrhaphy - surgical repair of a hernia.

55
Q

inguin/o

A

Groin

56
Q

labi/o

A

Lip

57
Q

lapar/o

A

Abdomen

58
Q

lingu/o

A

Tongue

59
Q

lip/o
Steat/o

A

Fat

60
Q

lith/o

A

Stone, Calculus
Cholecystolithiasis - Presence of stones in the gallbladder

61
Q

mandibul/o

A

Mandible, lower jaw

62
Q

palat/o

A

Palate

63
Q

pancreat/o

A

Pancreas

64
Q

peritone/o

A

Peritonium - The peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. Serous membranes line body cavities that do not open directly to the outside, and they cover the organs located in those cavities. The pleura is the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity;

65
Q

phag/o

A

Eating, swallowing
Dysphagia - Difficulty swallowing

66
Q

pharyng/o

A

Pharynx, throat
Pharyngitis - inflammation of the pharynx resutling in a sore throat.

67
Q

prote/o

A

Protein
Protease -Proteases are enzymes that break the peptide bonds of proteins; they are divided into acid, neutral, and alkaline proteases.

68
Q

pylor/o

A

Pylorus, pyloric sphincter - a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum.

69
Q

sial/o

A

Saliva, Salivary
Sialolithiasis - Salivary stones, also called sialolithiasis, are hardened mineral deposits that form in the salivary glands

70
Q

splen/o

A

Spleen

71
Q

oesophag/o

A

Oesophagus

72
Q

or/o
stomat/o

A

Mouth

73
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

A type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. It causes inflammation, ulceration and abcesses in the top layer of the lining of the rectum and colon. The most common sympton is severe abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea. Symptoms can be similar to Chron’s disease so can be difficult to diagnose.

74
Q

GORD

A

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease - stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach.

75
Q

LFT

A

Liver function tests - measures the enzymes and bilirubin in serum to identigy liver disease, severity of the disease and for monitoring treatment of the disease.

Billiruben - yellowish substance made during your body’s normal process of breaking down old red blood cells.

76
Q

GI

A

Gastrointestinal

77
Q

Nasogastric intubation

A

Involves the insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach. The purpose is to relive gastric pressure by removing gas, gastric secretions or food. To administer medication, food or fluids. To obtain a speciman for lab analysis.

78
Q

PEJ

A

Percutaneous Endoscopic Jejunostomy - surgical procedure for placement of a feeding tube into the jejunum.

79
Q

PEG

A

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy - feeding tube. Placed by passing an endoscope through the abdominal wall into the stomach.

80
Q

Lower Gastrointestina (GI) series

A

Diagnostic tool using x-rays to identify problems of the large intestine. Patient is given a barium enema which coats the lining of the large intestine to highlight abnormalities clearly on an x-ray.

81
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) series

A

Diagnostic tool using x-rays to identify problems of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. Patient is given a carbonated drink to expand the stomach by creating gas, followed by a medicated barium medication which coats the lining of the stomach to highlight abnormalities more clearly on an x-ray.

Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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