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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

locations of salivary glands

A

parotid, mandibular, sublingual, and molar

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2
Q

what is the front portion of the roof of the mouth?

A

hard palate

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3
Q

what is the back portion of the roof of the mouth?

A

soft palate

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4
Q

what are the folds of the stomach? what are their function?

A

rugae; to increase surface area of the stomach to increase volume

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5
Q

connects nasal cavity and soft palate

A

nasopharynx

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6
Q

connects soft palate and hyoid bone

A

oropharynx

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7
Q

most caudal portion of the pharynx

A

laryngopharynx

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8
Q

this structure connects pharynx to stomach

A

esophagus

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9
Q

tissue that connects top lip to gums

A

labial frenulum

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10
Q

tissue that connects tongue to mouth

A

lingual frenulum

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11
Q

tonsils located laterally to oropharynx

A

palatine tonsils

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12
Q

protrusions on the taste buds that contain taste buds

A

papillae

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13
Q

canine deciduous formula

A

I3 C1 P3

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14
Q

canine adult formula

A

I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3

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15
Q

feline deciduous formula

A

I3 C1 P3

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16
Q

feline adult formula

A

I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1

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17
Q

teeth on the very front of the jaw used for cutting

A

incisors

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18
Q

long, sharp teeth used for biting and tearing

A

canines

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19
Q

teeth used for crushing and grinding

A

premolars and molars

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20
Q

part of tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels

A

pulp

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21
Q

outside covering of teeth (stronger than bone)

A

enamel

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22
Q

layer below the enamel that makes up the bulk of the tooth

A

dentin

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23
Q

bone-like covering over roots

A

cementum

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24
Q

what are the layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscular layers, serosa

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25
Q

area where esophagus enters the stomach

A

cardia

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26
Q

most cranial portion of the monogastric stomach

A

fundus

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27
Q

the largest portion of the monogastric stomach

A

body

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28
Q

most caudal portion of the monogastric stomach

A

antrum

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29
Q

the sphincter that closes off the stomach to the duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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30
Q

what is the first chamber of the ruminant stomach that is the primary site for microbial fermentation aka the paunch?

A

rumen

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31
Q

what is the second chamber of the ruminant stomach that digests food particles? aka the honeycomb

A

reticulum

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32
Q

what is the third chamber of the ruminant stomach that further digests food particles? aka “book stomach”

A

omasum

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33
Q

what is known as the true stomach in ruminants?

A

abomasum

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34
Q

links esophagus to omasum and bypasses reticulorumen

A

esophageal groove

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35
Q

what enzyme is released for milk protein coagulation in young ruminants

A

rennin

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36
Q

ingesta moves up from reticulorumen ro oral cavity for further breakdown and more saliva (chewing cud)

A

rumination

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37
Q

gases released during fermentation so animal doesnt bloat

A

eructation

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38
Q

what is the first portion of the small intestines which connects to pyloric sphincter?

A

duodenum

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39
Q

what is the name of the structure where the bile duct and pancreatic duct meet? it allows digestive juices to meet and break down food (chyme)

A

ampulla of vater

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40
Q

what is the middle portion of the small intestine where chemical digestion and absorption occur?

A

jejunum

41
Q

what is the last portion of the small intestine?

A

ileum

42
Q

permanent folds in mucosal lining

A

plications

43
Q

help moves contents through intestines

A

villi

44
Q

house cells that replace worn out cells

A

intestinal crypts

45
Q

where does the ileum empty into in a horse?

A

cecum

46
Q

where does the ileum empty into in dogs and cats?

A

colon

47
Q

where does the ileum empty into in ruminants?

A

cecum and colon

48
Q

capillaries carry lipids that are too large to thoracic duct into vena cava

A

lacteals

49
Q

pear shaped organ that stores and releases bile for digestion

A

gallbladder

50
Q

location of gallbladder

A

upper right quadrant of the abdomen under the liver

51
Q

structure that drains bile from gallbladder and joins with hepatic and bile ducts

A

cystic duct

52
Q

structure that drains bile from the liver

A

hepatic duct

53
Q

where hepatic and cystic ducts join

A

common bile duct

54
Q

what is the function of the pancreas for digestion

A

to release enzymes into the pancreatic duct where it joins with the bile duct to digest food in the duodenum

55
Q

what hormone is produced to lower blood sugar

A

insulin

56
Q

what hormone is produced to raise blood sugar

A

glucagon

57
Q

what enzyme breaks down lipids into FFAs and monoglyceride

A

lipase

58
Q

what enzyme breaks down starches into maltose

A

amylase

59
Q

what enzyme breaks down proteins into amino acids

A

proteolytic enzymes (proteases)

60
Q

composition of bile

A

bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bile pigments

61
Q

4 parts of large intestine

A

cecum, colon, rectum, anus

62
Q

why is the large intestine considered larger than the small intestine

A

wider in diameter

63
Q

functions of the liver

A

-digestion and absorption
-excretes toxic substances
-produces plasma protein, cholesterol, and blood coagulation factors

64
Q

how many lobes does the liver have

A

6

65
Q

how does the liver receive blood

A

hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

66
Q

the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct creates what

A

triad

67
Q

how does the liver excrete bile

A

via hepatocytes into the canaliculi to the bile duct

68
Q

bile is necessary for…

A

lipid digestion in the intestines

69
Q

what are the bulging sac-like structures of the large intestine

A

sacculations or haustra

70
Q

most common type of movement of the large intestine

A

segmentation

71
Q

what is another type of movement in the GI tract

A

peristalsis

72
Q

what is the term for moving backwards towards the stomach to allow more time for absorption

A

antiperistalsis

73
Q

what are the 3 parts to the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending

74
Q

what organ stores and filters blood, produces white blood cells and antibodies, and maintains fluid balance

A

spleen

75
Q

location of the spleen

A

left abdomen above the stomach

76
Q

bringing food in

A

prehension

77
Q

chewing

A

mastication

78
Q

swallowing

A

deglutition

79
Q

shallow depressions dot the mucosal surface lined by glandular cells

A

gastric pits

80
Q

protects mucosa against gastric acid

A

alkaline mucus

81
Q

rugae very prominent here, glanular regions have different cells that produce secretions

A

fundus

82
Q

last glandular portion of the stomach which narrows into a canal

A

pylorus

83
Q

determines the rate of gastric emptying

A

pyloric sphincter

84
Q

what phase starts when an animal anticipates a meal

A

cephalic phase

85
Q

the cephalic phase causes a secretion of _______ into the stomach and _______ into the blood stream

A

pepsinogen, gastrin

86
Q

this phase begins when food enters stomach

A

gastric phase

87
Q

what is stimulated by stomach walls stretching

A

glandular cells

88
Q

secretions of HCl results in a pH of the stomacha as low as

A

2.0 (lemon juice)

89
Q

what regulates and controls the rate of gastric contents released into the small intestine

A

“pacemaker cells” controlled by autonomic nervous system

90
Q

when large particles of food cannot pass through sphincter and are forced back for further breakdown

A

retropulsion

91
Q

neurotransmitters and hormones can affect stomach motility and rate of gastric emptying

A

neurohumoral control

92
Q

motility of stomach decreases and food enters and increases as it reaches pyloric region, these opposing responses are a result of

A

vagal nerve stimulation

93
Q

hormones for gastric emptying

A

secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide

94
Q

second phase of digestion

A

chemical digestion

95
Q

chemical reaction in which bond is broken by insertion of water molecule

A

hydrolysis

96
Q

short chain polymers are broken down into basic components

A

membranous

97
Q

what enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion in the saliva

A

amylase

98
Q

what enzymes breaks down protein that begins in the stomach and continues to small intestines

A

proteolytic enzyme (proteses)

99
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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