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Bio 12 (2nd half) > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the Digestive System

A

the system of organs responsible for breaking down food molecules and absorbing nutrients

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2
Q

Describe Digestion

A

the process of breaking down food into molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body

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3
Q

Describe Nutrients

A

Molecules that must be absorbed for the body to function properly

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4
Q

Describe the Alimentary Canal

A

a long, winding tract formed by the organs of the digestive system

mouth —> anus

9m (30ft) long

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5
Q

Describe Absorption

A

the transport of digested nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory system

throughout the entire alimentary canal there is nutrient absorption

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6
Q

Describe Ingestion

A

the process of taking in food molecules

ingestion occurs at the mouth

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7
Q

What does the mouth specialize in?

A

the digestion of Carbohydrates

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8
Q

Describe the Salivary Glands

A

contained in the mouth

they release a series of substances collectively known as saliva

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9
Q

Describe Saliva

A

activates taste buds

lubricates food so it doesn’t get stuck

uses enzymes to begin digestion

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10
Q

Describe Amylase

A

the most important enzyme in the saliva

amylase breaks down starch (carbs)
into smaller polysaccharide chains

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11
Q

Describe Chemical Digestion

A

Digestion using enzymes (or acid)

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12
Q

Describe Mechanical Digestion

A

Digestion that occurs due to movement of tissue

the mouth is the primary site for mechanical digestion, performed by the teeth

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13
Q

Name and describe the two types of teeth

A

Incisors- sharp teeth used to shred and tear food

Molars- flat teeth used to grind food

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14
Q

Describe the Esophagus

A

the organ responsible for transporting food from the mouth to stomach

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15
Q

Describe a Bolus

A

the compact ball of food that is formed after food is swallowed

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16
Q

Describe Peristalsis

A

the use of muscle contractions to move food

synchronized contractions

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17
Q

Describe Sphincters

A

a series of specialized muscles that restrict the movement of food or fluid

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18
Q

Describe the Cardiac Sphincters

A

located at the bottom of the esophagus and controls how much food enters the stomach

name is bc of its location being so close to the heart

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19
Q

Describe the Stomach

A

the primary site of food storage and specializes in the digestion of protein

20
Q

What are the two types of cells that line the stomach?

A

Parietal Cells

Peptic Cells (chief cells)

21
Q

Describe Parietal Cells

A

they produce Hydrochloric Acids (HCl), commonly called stomach acid

also secrete mucus to protect the stomach cells from being digested

22
Q

Describe Peptic Cells

A

they release an enzyme called Pepsinogen which becomes activated on acidic conditions to form the enzyme Pepsin

Pepsin breaks down proteins into short polypeptide chains

23
Q

Describe the pH of the stomach

A

the stomach has a pH of 2, which is extremely acidic and corrosive

due to the corrosiveness of the stomach, it also plays an important role in the immune system by dissolving pathogens in the body

24
Q

Describe Ulcers

A

a site where the mucus layer breaks down and stomach cells are exposed to HCl

25
Q

Describe the Pyloric Sphincter

A

it is located at the bottom of the stomach

it controls how much digested food leaves the stomach

26
Q

Describe the Small Intestine

A

it is 2/3rds of the alimentary canal (6m or 20ft)

the primary site of absorption and the digestion of lipids

27
Q

Name the 3 sections of the small intestine

A

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

28
Q

Describe the Duodenum

A

a short section (1ft) after the pyloric sphincter

wraps around the pancreas

29
Q

Describe the Pancreas

A

the primary site of enzyme production in the digestive system

enzymes are produced in the pancreas and transported to the duodenum

30
Q

Describe Peptidases

A

Peptidases are pancreatic enzymes that specialize in breaking down polypeptide chains into smaller chains (proteins)

example Trypsin

31
Q

Describe Disaccharidases

A

they break down short carbohydrate chains into single monomers

example lactase

32
Q

Describe Lipase

A

they break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

33
Q

Describe Emulsification

A

the process of breaking up fat globules

lipids are insoluble and form large globules in water, the globules need to be split into smaller droplets

increased surface area increases the reaction/digestion rate

34
Q

Describe the Bile

A

produced by the liver and stores in the gallbladder

released into the duodenum where it emulsifies lipids

doesn’t digest lipids just breaks them apart for lipase to interact with

35
Q

Describe the use of Bicarbonate Ions

A

blood vessels along the duodenum pump in Bicarbonate Ions (HCO3) to counter the effects of HCl through a neutralization reaction

the addition of bicarbonate increases the pH of the duodenum to 6

36
Q

Describe the Jejunum

A

the primary site of nutrient absorption

lined with villi

37
Q

Describe Villi

A

thin tube like structures along the intestinal wall that maximize surface area

nutrient monomers (amino acids, etc) are absorbed through the villi into the bloodstream

excess monosaccharides get stores in the liver as glycogen

villi increase the absorption rate of nutrients

small intestine would have to be 70m longer to get the same amount of nutrients

38
Q

Describe the Ileum

A

re-absorbs substances necessary for digestion (enzymes, bile, vitamins) that will be recycled

39
Q

Describe the Ileocecal Valve

A

controls the passage of fluid from the small intestine to the large intestine

40
Q

Describe the Large Intestine

A

also called the Colon

final major organ of the digestive system

re-absorbs water that enters from the ileum

41
Q

Describe how Diarrhea occurs

A

when waste passes too quickly through the large intestine, water will not be absorbed

caused from excess gas, cramping etc

42
Q

Describe the Microbiome

A

the large intestine is home to most of the body’s microbiome

the collection of bacteria that live symbiotically with humans

the bacteria in the large intestine are called Colonic Bacteria

43
Q

Describe the role of Colonic Bacteria

A

to digest most of the left-over bolus, extracting important vitamins as their byproducts

*creating vitamins

44
Q

What vitamins are created by Colonic Bacteria?

A

Vitamin B12
Vitamin K
Riboflavin
Thiamine

45
Q

Describe the Rectum

A

found at the end of the colon

stores solid waste —> Feces

46
Q

Describe the Anus

A

the final sphincter of the Alimentary Canal

where feces are excreted from the body

Bio 12 (2nd half) (5 decks)

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