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Bio 12 (2nd half) > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do all cells require?

A

the intake of oxygen and nutrients as well as the release of waste products

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2
Q

Describe the responsibility of the Circulatory System

A

it is responsible for transportation of oxygen, nutrients and waste products

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3
Q

What are the four main components of the circulatory system?

A

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

the Heart

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4
Q

Describe the Red Blood Cell

A

the carrier of oxygen and carbon dioxide

contain hemoglobin, a special protein that uses four iron ions as cofactors to bind oxygen and carbon dioxide

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5
Q

Describe the composition of RBCs

A

they are 1/3rd hemoglobin, which allows for the blood to carry 70x more oxygen

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6
Q

Describe Blood Vessels

A

how blood is circulated through the circulatory system

include : arteries, capillaries and veins

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7
Q

Describe Arteries

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

they have very thick, strong walls to withstand the pulses of pressure from the heart

they are also very elastic which allows the diameter of the arteries to change

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8
Q

Explain Vasodilation

A

the increase in diameter of a blood vessel, resulting in increased blood flow

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9
Q

Explain Vasoconstriction

A

the decrease in diameter of a blood vessel, resulting in decreased blood flow

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10
Q

Describe a Pulse

A

the cycle of vasodilation and vasoconstriction as the heart pumps into the arteries

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11
Q

Describe an Aneurysm

A

a bulge in the artery wall when the artery walls thin or weaken,

occurs from the pressure of the pulse

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12
Q

Explain which arteries carry oxygenated blood

A

most arteries carry oxygenated blood

one exception is the Pulmonary Artery, which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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13
Q

Describe Capillaries

A

tiny blood vessels found in the tissue

unlike arteries and veins, capillaries contain no muscle

are often only one-cell thick

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14
Q

Explain Nutrient and Gas Exchange

A

occurs at the capillaries

exchanges between the blood and the cells

mostly exchanged through diffusion, since the capillary walls are so thin that active transport is not necessary

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15
Q

Describe Bruising

A

the dispersal of blood in the tissue due to damaged capillaries

the capillaries walls are very thin and are vulnerable to rupture due to high blood pressure or damage

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16
Q

Describe Veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

*usually from capillaries

due to vasoconstriction in the capillaries, blood pressure/flow is significantly lower in the veins

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17
Q

Describe Venous Valves

A

valves that ensure blood doesn’t move backwards through the veins

muscle contractions help move blood through venous valves, similar to peristalsis

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18
Q

Describe Varicose Veins

A

the pooling of in blood stretched and twisted vessels

when the venous valves become weakened, the blood can flow backwards and pool

usually occurs in the legs

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19
Q

Explain why Varicose Veins usually occur in the legs

A

due to low blood pressure, the muscles must contract harder to move blood

these contractions increase the likelihood of damaging the valves

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20
Q

Describe Hemorrhoids

A

Varicose Veins that occur along the rectum

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21
Q

Describe Thermoregulation

A

the process of maintaining temperature homeostasis in the body

22
Q

Describe how Thermoregulation works

A

when body temp is high, veins near the body surface expand so that more blood can pass by the surface

blood near the surface exchange heat with the environment, cooling the body

when the environment is cold, veins near the surface constrict so that blood doesn’t lose heat

23
Q

How many blood vessels does the body contain?

(kms)

A

100,000kms of blood vessels

24
Q

Name the 4 arteries and 3 veins and what they service

A

pulmonary artery —> services lungs

carotid artery + jugular vein —> services brain

subclavian artery + veins —> services arms

femoral artery + veins —> services legs

25
Q

Describe the Heart

A

the organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the circulatory system

contains 4 chambers: 2 atria + 2 ventricles

26
Q

Describe the Septum

A

a thick wall of muscle that separates the left atrium and ventricle from the right atrium and ventricle

27
Q

Describe the Atria

A

smaller chambers of the heart that receive blood from the body

28
Q

Describe the Ventricles

A

large chambers of the heart that are extremely muscular

they pump blood out of the heart and to the rest of the body

29
Q

Describe the Right Atrium

A

the location where the deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the rest of the body

enters through one of the two vena cava veins

30
Q

Describe the Superior Vena Cava

A

the vein that carries blood that arrives from above the heart

ex- from the jugular or subclavian veins

31
Q

Describe the Inferior Vena Cava

A

the vein that carries blood that arrives from below the heart

ex- femoral vein

32
Q

Where does blood go after the Right Atrium?

A

blood passes from the Right Atrium to the Right Ventricle through the Right Atrioventricular (AV) Valve

right atrium—> AV—> right ventricle

33
Q

Describe the function of the Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

A

to ensure that blood being pushed by the ventricles doesn’t move back into the atria

34
Q

Where does blood go next after the Right Ventricle?

A

the blood from the Right Ventricle goes to the Pulmonary Artery

35
Q

Where does blood go after entering the Pulmonary Artery

A

blood goes through the Pulmonary Artery into the Lungs to get oxygenated

it then returns the heart into the left Atrium via the Pulmonary Vein

36
Q

Where does the blood go after the re-entering the heart into the Left Atrium?

A

blood passes through the the Left AV Valve into the Left Ventricle

37
Q

After the Left Ventricle, where does the blood go?

A

the Left Ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the body via the Aorta, the largest artery

38
Q

Describe the function of the Semilunar Valves

A

they prevent pumped blood from flowing back into the ventricles

Semilunar Valves are present at both ventricles

*name bc of the shape (crescent moon)

39
Q

Describe Nodes

A

how the heartbeat is created

nodes are two concentrated areas of muscle fibers and nerves

40
Q

Describe the Sinoatrial (SA) Node

A

the SA node receives electrical signals from the brain, causing the atria to contract

41
Q

Describe the Atrioventricular (AV) Node

A

the AV Node receives electrical signals from the SA Node, causing the ventricles to contract

atria contract first,then the ventricles

42
Q

What are used to map electrical currents during a heartbeat?

A

Electrocardiograms (ECG)

43
Q

What does the P Wave indicate?

A

the P wave indicates the concentration of the atria

44
Q

What does the QRS wave indicate?

A

the QRS wave indicates the contraction of the ventricles

45
Q

Why is the QRS wave so much larger?

A

the QRS wave is larger because it needs to pump blood through the whole body

P waves just need to get blood into the next chamber

46
Q

What does the T wave indicate?

A

the T wave indicates the reset of the chambers before the next heartbeat

47
Q

Describe the Lubb

A

when ventricles contract, they push blood into the arteries and push against the AV valves, causing them to slam shut

the slamming of the AV valves due to the force of blood produces the first sound of the heartbeat

48
Q

Describe the Dubb

A

when the ventricles relax, the blood that was pumped into the arteries want to return back into the ventricles, slamming shut the semilunar valves

the closing of the semilunar valves produces the second sound of the heartbeat

49
Q

Describe a heart murmur

A

when the semilunar or AV valves don’t close properly, allowing some blood to leak through

50
Q

Describe Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

the pressure created from the blood while the heart is at rest

normally around 80mm Hg

51
Q

Describe Systolic Blood Pressure

A

the pressure produced when ventricles contract

normally around 120mm Hg

Bio 12 (2nd half) (5 decks)

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