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HISTO FINALS > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of a long muscular tube beginning
from the lips to the anus

A

Alimentary tract

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2
Q

– Salivary glands
– Liver
– Biliary tract
– Pancreas

A

Accessory organs

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3
Q

4 Layers

A

 Mucosa
 Submucosa
 Tunica muscularis
 Serosa

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4
Q

Lining epithelium

A

Mucosa

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5
Q

highly vascular loose CT;
contains fibroblasts, reticular and elastic
fibers, macrophages, aggregates of lymphoid
tissue

A

Lamina propria

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6
Q

thin layer of smooth
muscle which separates mucosa from
submucosa

A

Muscularis mucosa

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7
Q

Layer of dense CT containing many
blood vessels and a plexus of
sympathetic nerves called Meissner’s
plexus which controls the intrinsic
motility of the walls of the GIT

A

Submucosa

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8
Q

Layer of dense CT containing many
blood vessels and a plexus of
sympathetic nerves

A

Meissner’s
plexus

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9
Q

Composed of smooth muscle cells
spirally oriented into 2 sublayers

A

Tunica muscularis

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10
Q

circular

A

Internal

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11
Q

longitudinal

A

External

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12
Q

Between the layers is a second
sympathetic nerve plexus called

A

Auerbach’s plexus

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13
Q

coordinates the peristaltic contractions

A

Auerbach’s plexus

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14
Q

Outermost layer consisting of mesothelium which lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it

A

Serosa

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15
Q

Main functions of the digestive tract’s lining epithelium:

A

Provide a selective permeable barrier
Facilitate the transport and digestion of food
Promote the absorption of the products of digestion
Produce hormones
Produce mucus for lubrication and protection

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16
Q

Serves as the entrance to the digestive tract

A

Oral Cavity

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17
Q

Has a lumen and surrounding coats or layers

A

Oral Cavity

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18
Q

Mucous membrane
Stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium
Lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, submucosa layers

Palate
Pharynx

A

Oral Cavity

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19
Q

Orbicularis oris skeletal muscle and dense connective tissue

A

Lips

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20
Q

lined by stratified squamous nonkeratinizing
epithelium

A

Oral side

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21
Q

outer portion covered by typical thin skin; has hair
follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

A

Skin side

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22
Q

red free edge of the lips; hairless very thin skin, transparent permitting the blood in the capillaries of the dermis to impart to it a red color

A

Vermilion border

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23
Q

Freely movable organ attached to the floor of the mouth and the hyoid bone

A

Tongue

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24
Q

Consists of interlacing bundles of skeletal muscles

A

Tongue

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25
Q

Lining epithelium of tunica mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium
Dorsal surface is covered by a relatively thick epithelium

A
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26
Q

Acinar glands
Secretes about 1.5-2 L of fluid /day
Pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, trypsinogen, proteases, nucleases, proelastases)
Duct of Wirsung

A

Exocrine

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27
Q

Transversely-oriented retroperitoneal organ extending from the “C” loop of the duodenum to the spleen

A

EXOCRINE PANCREAS

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28
Q

20 cm in length; 85-90 grams
Head, body and tail

A

EXOCRINE PANCREAS

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29
Q

Thin muscularis and absent submucosa
Cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct which empties into the 2nd portion of duodenum; opening is ampulla of Vater

A

Gallbladder

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30
Q

Hollow pear-shaped sacular organ lodged in the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver

A

Gallbladder

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31
Q

10x4 cm; capacity of 40-70 ml bile
Fundus, body and neck

A

Gallbladder

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32
Q

Processing of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins
Removal of microorganisms and toxins
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Detoxification and excretion into bile of endogenous waste products and pollutants

A

Functions of the Liver

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33
Q

Polygonal or hexagonal
Mass of liver parenchyma surrounded by the central vein
Portal triads in every corner of the hexagon

A

Liver: Classical Lobule

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34
Q

Largest gland in the body
1.5 kg in the adult

A

LIVER

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35
Q

Divided into right and left lobes
On its underside, blood vessels and bile ducts pass through its hilum or porta hepatis

A

LIVER

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36
Q

Dual blood supply
Receiving well oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation via the hepatic artery (25%)
Larger volume (75%) of poorly oxygenated blood coming from the intestinal tract via the portal vein

A

LIVER

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37
Q

Bile

A

Exocrine gland

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38
Q

Proteins and glucose

A

Endocrine gland

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39
Q

small triangular areas which are thickenings of CT which enclose

A

Portal triads

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40
Q

Glisson’s capsule

A

Stroma

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41
Q

Liver cells or hepatocytes which are arranged on hepatic cords or plates oriented radially from a central vein (branch of hepatic vein)

A

Parenchyma

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42
Q

discontinuous basal lamina that separates endothelial cells from underlying hepatocytes

A

Perisinusoidal space (space of Disse),

43
Q

are found in between cords or plates: simple squamous epithelium, Kupffer cells, fat storing cells (Ito cells)

A

Hepatic sinusoids

44
Q

minute canals that run between liver cells throughout the liver parenchyma

A

Bile canaliculi

45
Q

Bile drains from canaliculi into terminal ductules, to interlobular bile ducts (portal triad), then into the right and left hepatic bile duct, common hepatic duct joins cystic duct to form common bile duct

A
46
Q

Largest; subcutaneous; on either side of face below ears

A

Parotid

47
Q

Stensen’s

A

Parotid

48
Q

Exclusively serous

A

Parotid

49
Q
A

Parotid

50
Q

On either side, between the mandible & muscles that form the floor of mouth

A

Submandibular

51
Q

Predominantly serous

A

Submandibular

52
Q

Wharton’s

A

Submandibular

53
Q

Floor of mouth

A

Submandibular

54
Q

Deep in the floor of mouth near frenulum

A

Sublingual

55
Q

Predominantly mucous

A

Sublingual

56
Q

Often joins submandibular

A

Sublingual

57
Q

Floor of mouth

A

Sublingual

58
Q

Located deep in the floor of the mouth near the frenulum
Predominantly mucous secretions
Duct often joins the submandibular gland
Open at floor of the mouth

A

Sublingual Glands

59
Q

Located on either side between the mandible and muscles that form the floor of the mouth
Predominantly serous secretions
Wharton’s duct opens at the floor of the mouth

A

Submandibular Glands

60
Q

Parotid Glands

A

Largest among the salivary glands
Subcutaneous location on either side of face below the ears
Predominantly serous secretions
Stensen’s duct opens on the inside of cheek opposite the 2nd upper molar

61
Q

SALIVARY GLANDS

A

Parotid Gland
Submandibular Gland
Sublingual Gland

62
Q

6-7 cm long structure attached to the cecum
Has same 4 layers
Extremely rich lymphoid tissue in the mucosa and submucosa

A

APPENDIX

63
Q

Tunica muscularis: outer longitudinal layer are grouped into 3 evenly spaced longitudinal bands called taenia coli

A

LARGE INTESTINE
(Colon)

64
Q

Haustra
Serosa: conspicuous accumulations of adipose tissue beneath the mesothelium that forms pendulous protuberances called appendices epiploicae

A
65
Q

Mucosa is simple columnar epitheliumwith few short irregular microvilli
– Absorptive cells or colonocytes
No villi
Numerous goblet cells
Crypts of Leiberkuhn are larger and longer

A

LARGE INTESTINE
(Colon)

66
Q

Mucosa is simple columnar epitheliumwith few short irregular microvilli
– Absorptive cells or colonocytes
No villi
Numerous goblet cells
Crypts of Leiberkuhn are larger and longer

A

LARGE INTESTINE
(Colon)

67
Q

1.5 meters long
Segments
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus

A

LARGE INTESTINE
(Colon)

68
Q

Filliform
Fungiform
Circumvallate
Foliate – rudimentary in man

A

4 types of lingual papillae

69
Q

Anterior to the sulcus terminalis, the dorsum is rough covered by numerous excrescences called lingual papillae

A

Anterior 2/3

70
Q

Most abundant
Elongated conical in form and slightly curved
The heavily keratinized cells at the tips of the papillae are continuously exfoliated
Epithelium lacks taste buds

A

Filiform papillae

71
Q

Have narrow base and slightly flattened, mushroom-shaped
Scattered taste buds on upper surfaces
Lightly keratinized
Less numerous and scattered singly among the filiform papilla

A

Fungiform papillae

72
Q

Poorly developed
Parallel ridges and furrows on the sides of the tongue
With taste buds

A

Foliate papillae

73
Q

Number only 6-14 and are confined to the posterior part where they are aligned just in front of the sulcus terminalis

A

Circumvallate papillae

74
Q

Epithelium on the free surface is smooth and that on the sides of the papilla contains numerous taste buds
total number of taste buds in a single papilla is average of 250

A

Circumvallate papillae

75
Q

3,000 on the human tongue
Pale ovoid bodies within the lingual and oral epithelium
contain 50-75 cells

A

Taste Buds

76
Q

Have long microvilli or apical processes that extends to the taste pore to the free surface
Tips of these apical processes are receptors for the sense of taste

A

Gustatory (taste) cells

77
Q

Basal cells which divide and give rise to
above cells

A

Stem cells

78
Q

Slender and immature cells

A

Supporting cells

79
Q

5 Basic Taste Sensations

A

Sour
Sweet
Salty
Bitter
Umami

80
Q

Pharyngeal part or root of tongue
Surface shows many bulges due to lingual tonsils and lymphoid nodules
Lacks papillae

A

Posterior 1/3

81
Q

Diciduous or milk teeth: 20
Permanent or succidaneous teeth: 32

A

2 sets

82
Q

Dentin - odontoblasts
Enamel - ameloblasts
Cementum - cementoblasts

A

Hard

83
Q

Pulp
Periodontal membrane
Gingiva

A

Soft

84
Q

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

A

3 portions of pharynx

85
Q

25 cm long
Upper, middle, lower third 3rd
Located in the thorax, passing through the diaphragm to join the stomach, its terminal 2-4 cm is in the abdominal cavity

A

ESOPHAGUS

86
Q

Stratified squamous, non-keratinizing
Submucosa has esophageal glands
Tunica muscularis

A

ESOPHAGUS

87
Q

skeletal muscle

A

Proximal 3rd

88
Q

combination of skeletal and
smooth

A

Middle 3rd

89
Q

smooth muscle

A

Distal 3rd

90
Q

The most dilated portion of the GIT
Mainly for digestion and storage of food

A

STOMACH

91
Q

cardia
fundus
corpus
pylorus

A

4 regions are distinguished STOMACH

92
Q

Mucosa: simple columnar epithelium which invaginates into lamina propria forming gastric pits (foveolae)

A

STOMACH

93
Q

Mucosa and submucosa form longitudinal folds called

A

rugae

94
Q

Each gland has isthmus, neck, base

A

Simple branched tubular

95
Q

Mucous glands: mucous
Stem cells
Chief cells: proteolytic enzyme pepsin
Parietal cells: HCl acid
Neuroendocrine cells

A

5 cell types of stomach gastric galnds

96
Q

4-7 meters in length

A

SMALL INTESTINE

97
Q

Duodenum: C-shaped which surrounds the head of pancreas
Jejunum: suspended from the dorsal wall by mesentery and is freely movable
Ileum: attached to cecum

A

SMALL INTESTINE

98
Q

C-shaped which surrounds the head of pancreas

A

Duodenum

99
Q

suspended from the dorsal wall by mesentery and is freely movable

A

Jejunum

100
Q

attached to cecum

A

Ileum

101
Q

Goblet mucous glands
Paneth cells
Enteroendocrine cells
M (microfold) cells
Brunner (duodenal) glands

A

SMALL INTESTINE
Intestinal Mucosa

102
Q

Mucosa is simple columnar epithelium
Absorptive cells or enterocytes
Surface have brush border (striated border) which on E/M are seen as closely packed microvilli numbering up to 3000 per cell resulting in a 30-fold increase in its absorptive function

A

SMALL INTESTINE
Intestinal Mucosa

103
Q

Consist of structures that increase its absorptive function
Plicae circularis or valves of Kerkring: crescentic folds; permanent folds
Intestinal villi: 0.5-1.5 mm long finger-like projection of the mucosa
Crypts of Liberkuhn: invaginations of the mucosa (tubular glands) between the bases of the villi

A

SMALL INTESTINE
Intestinal Mucosa

HISTO FINALS (6 decks)

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