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nutrition > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

steps of digestion

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • assimilation
  • elimination
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2
Q

ingestion

A

taking food into the body

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3
Q

digestion

A

breaking down food

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4
Q

absorption

A

moving food into cells

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5
Q

assimilation

A

making food part of the cell

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6
Q

elimination

A

removing unused food

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7
Q

catabolism (metabolism)

A

larger molecule → smaller molceules + energy

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8
Q

anabolism (metabolism)

A

smaller molecules + energy → larger molecule

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9
Q

where does digestion take place

A

the gastrointestinal tract / alimentary canal

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10
Q

main organs of the gastrointestinal tract

A
  • mouth
    → + salivary glands
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small Intestine
    → + duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • caecum (in some cases)
  • large Intestine
    → + colon
  • rectum
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11
Q

accessory organs of the gastrointestinaln tract

A
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
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12
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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13
Q

incisors

A
  • teeth at the front
  • sharp
  • used to cut food
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14
Q

canine teeth

A
  • in the corner of the mouth
  • long roots
  • used for grasping and tearing at food
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15
Q

premolar teeth

A
  • behind the canine teeth
  • flat surface
  • used for chewing
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16
Q

molar teeth

A
  • at the back of the mouth
  • bigger than premolars
  • flatter surface than premolars
  • used to chew smaller pieces of food
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17
Q

carnivore teeth

A
  • canines
  • inciosors
  • premolars
  • few molars
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18
Q

herbivore teeth

A
  • incisors
  • molars
  • premolars
  • no canines
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19
Q

omnivore teeth

A
  • incisors
  • canines
  • molars
  • premolars
20
Q

why does the body produce saliva?

A

to start enzyme breakdown of food and to protect the oral mucosa

21
Q

what enzymes are produced in the salivary glands?

A
  • amylase (for carbohydrates)
  • lingual lipase (for fats)
  • lysozyme (acts as antiseptic)
22
Q

oesophagus

A
  • tube connecting the mouth to the stomach.
  • smooth muscle for moving food
  • food + saliva being swallowed down is called a bolus
23
Q

mechanical digestion in the monogastric stomach

A

manual breakdown of food through the contraction of the stomach muscles moving the food towards the small intestine

24
Q

chemical breakdown in the monogastric stomach

A

enzymes breaking down the food

25
Q

monogastric stomach

A
  • single chamber
  • musucular bag
  • folds (rugae) on the inside
  • stomach expands when food enters from the oesophagus
  • three layers of muscle; oblique, circular, longitudinal
26
Q

enzymes in the monogastric stomach

A
  • pepsin → breaks protein into amino acids
  • gastric lipase → continues to break down fats
27
Q

mucosa of the mongastric stomach

A
  • inner lining of the stomach
  • covered in gastric pits which lead to gastric glands
  • parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid
  • chief cells secrete proteases
  • neck cells secrete mucus
28
Q

mucus

A
  • secreted in the mucosa of the stomach
  • protects the stomach lining from acids
  • prevents auto-digestion (stomach digesting itself)
29
Q

small intestine

A
  • mucosa is the innermost layer → made of villi that increase surface area for absorption + lacteals for fat absorption
  • more enzymes to further break down food
30
Q

mechanisms for absorption

A
  • osmosis → across a semipermeable membrane
  • diffusion → from high concentration to low concentration
  • active transport → from low concentration to high concentration, requiring cellular work
31
Q

three parts of the small intestine

A

1.) duodenum
2.) jejunum
3.) ileum

32
Q

caecum

A

large organ containing micro-organisms specialised for digestion of cellulose (hindgut fermentation)

33
Q

large intestine

A
  • no enzymes made in the large intestine
  • water + some nutrients absorbed back into the body
34
Q

hindgut fermenters

A

efficient at digesting cellulose through fermentation in the caecum / large intestine → produce bacteria to digest food which produce the enzymes necessary to break down cellulose

35
Q

examples of hindgut fermenters

A
  • guinea pigs
  • horses
  • rabbits
36
Q

coprophagy

A

when animals eat a kind of faeces called caecotroph → gives the animal two chances at digesting the nutrients in their food, making their digestive systems very efficient

37
Q

examples of animals that exhibit coprophagy

A
  • capybaras
  • hamsters
  • rabbits
  • chimps
  • pigs
38
Q

liver functions

A
  • bile production + excretion
  • excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones + drugs
  • metabolism of fats, proteins + carbs
  • enzyme activation
  • storage of glycogen, vitamins + minerals
  • synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, + clotting factors
39
Q

gallbladder functions

A
  • stores and concentrates bile from the liver
  • bile is released into the first section of the small intestine (duodenum)
40
Q

pancreas functions

A
  • makes alkaline pancreatic juices and enzymes
  • contains bicarbonate, an alkaline substance that acts to neutralise stomach acids
  • makes hormones
41
Q

ruminant

A
  • efficient at digesting cellulose through fermentation + ‘chewing the cud’
  • food is digested by bacteria, which produce the enzymes to break down cellulose → bacteria located in the rumen
  • ruminants don’t have top incisors, but have a dental pad
42
Q

ruminant stomach segments

A
  • rumen
  • reticulum
  • omasum
  • abomasum
43
Q

rumen

A
  • largest segment of the ruminant stomach
  • rely on bacteria to produce enzymes
  • bacterial fermentation
  • fats absorbed in the rumen
  • breaks down food
  • releases methane through eructation (burping)
  • stores undigested plant material
  • absorbs fatty acids and cellulose
44
Q

reticulum

A
  • separated from the rumen by a muscle fold
  • contracts for mechanical digestion
  • has a honeycomb-like filter that stops large particles entering the omasum
45
Q

omasum

A
  • grinds + squeezes
  • absorbs water + nutrients (fatty acids)
  • filters large food particles to be returned to the reticulum
46
Q

abomasum

A
  • final compartment
  • known as the true / actual stomach
  • similar to monogastric stomach
  • hydrochloric acid and enzymes are secreted for nutrient breakdown
  • symbiotic bacteria is digested in the abomasum and is a main source of protein

nutrition (4 decks)

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