Digestive System Flashcards
How are structures and functions interdependent?
- Structure - important in carrying out function because different foods have diff shapes and sizes
- To make digest. easier, we chew food so they can be directed to diff organs
- In cell cycle, it’s vital so cells can pass through certain passages
What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?
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What are the 7 Functions of the Digestive System?
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Metabolism
- Elimination
What is Ingestion?
consuming food
What is Digestion?
breakdown of ingested food into smaller molecules
* carbs
* proteins
* lipids
What is Absorption?
passage of nutrients into the blood
What is Metabolism?
converting nutrients into raw materials for the production of cellular energy (ATP)
Macromolecules
things we need in large amounts
What is Elimination?
removing indigestible waste
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate; carries energy to the different parts of the body
Digestion
- breaking down food into smaller pieces
- chemical & mechanical breakdown of large molecules of food into smaller molecules
The 2 divisions of the DS
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Accessory Organs
GI Tract/Alimentary Canal
- continuous long hollow tube from start to end
- pathway = mouth to anus
Accessory Organs
food does not pass through here; they only aid in digestion by secreting digestive juices/enzymes that help in the process
Mouth/Buccal Cavity/Oral Cavity
- mechanical = teeth bite off and chew food into a soft pul
- chemical = saliva (presence of amylase – breaks down sugars)
–> salivary glands are accessory organs
Palate
arched shape of the roof of the mouth which allows you to digest and respire at the same time
- hard palate = rigid shelf against which the tongue can push food; bony
- soft palate = allows you to yawn, sing, and swallow; made of tissue
Uvula
- when swallowing, the soft palate & uvula move upward, helping to keep food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity
- contributes to the sound of snoring
Tongue
- facilitates ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion
(lingual lipase), sensation (taste, texture, and temperature of food),
swallowing, and vocalization. - positions food for optimal swallowing
Teeth
- for chewing food
- Deciduous (baby or milk) teeth
- Permanent teeth
When 20 teeth are formed by the age of 2
Deciduous teeth
- replaces deciduous teeth between 6-12
- full set = 32
- not all have wisdom teeth
Permanent teeth
Salivary Glands
- Parotid Gland
- Submandibular Gland
- Sublingual Gland
How many L of saliva is secreted per day?
1.5L
- without saliva, our mouth can be prone to infections
- our saliva is home to different microorganisms
What is the enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugars?
Amylase
Esophagus
- pushes bolus to stomach from mouth
- extends 10-13 in
- 3 seconds
- aided by peristalsis
Wave-like muscle contractions
Peristalsis = under propulsion – movement of food along the GI Tract
- temporarily stores food for 2-4 hrs
- turns bolus into chyme
has thick muscles in its walls; they contract to mash food into a water soup called chyme - its lining produces strong digestive juices (HCl)
Stomach
combination of food, water, and digestive juices
Chyme
Which cells produce HCl in the stomach?
parietal cells
Can the stomach do peristalsis?
Yes, it can mechanically digest food.
Why does the stomach not digest itself?
There is a mucus lining; it’s covered with a thick layer of epithelial cells
Which cells produce mucus?
Epithelial cells
Why are there still diseases in the stomach?
Because helicobacter pylori is present; hpylori can survive the stomach’s acids
What kind of digestion is the stomach only capable of?
partial digestion
Where does complete digestion take place?
Small intestine
Which macromolecule is usually digested in the stomach?
proteins
This is where nutrients are broken down small enough to pass through the lining
Small intestine
Hair-like projections capable of absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream (thru the capillaries via diffusion)
villi
- water reabsorption
- remains are formed into brown semi-solid feces ready to be removed from the body
- makes feces or stool
large intestine
Where initial reabsorption of water takes place
small intestine
standardized chart for analyzing stool
Bristol Stool Chart
- temporarily stores feces till it’s expelled by he body
- receives stool from colon
- activates nerves; stimulates brain to tell it that it’s full
Rectum
- last step in the digestive process
- surrounded by sphincter muscles that control stool’s movement
Anus
Muscles lining the anus
sphincter muscles
“tis” suffix means?
inflammation
what are the 3 enzymes produced by the pancreas?
- lipase
- protease
- amylase
lipase: ?
lipids
amylase: ?
sugars
protease: ?
protein
chronic means?
long term
acute means?
short term
water soup in the stomach
chyme
- stores some nutrients and releases them into the blood according to the activities and needs of the body
- helps body maintain homeostasis
- excess sugar and energy are stored here
Liver
Aside from bile, what is stored in the liver?
excess sugar and energy
What happens if the patient eats too much fat?
They will have fatty liver
It is the state of steady internal chemical and physical conditions maintained by living systems.
Homeostasis
What is the range of the normal body temperature?
36.4 - 37.4ºC
What temp is registered as a fever?
37.5ºC
What happens to homeostasis when we are sick?
No homeostasis, hence we drink antipyretics (e.g. paracetamol)
It detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs
Liver
Yellowish fluid that emulsifies fats in the body
Bile
How are toxins filtered in the liver?
They are filtered through sinusoid channels which are lined by KUPFFER CELLS
Why do diseases still occur despite the presence of kupffer cells?
The toxins overpower the Kupffer cells
What do Kupffer cells do?
They engulf, digest, then excrete toxins
It is the temporary storage of bile
Gallbladder
Why are gallstones formed?
Due to hardened bile
How are gallstones removed?
via surgery
It makes digestive juices called enzymes which help digest food
Pancreas
What 2 hormones are released by the pancreas?
Insulin and Glucagon
What hormone lowers blood sugar?
insulin
What hormone increases blood sugar?
glucagon
Inherited diabetes
Type 1
Diabetes affected by diet
Type 2
narrow, finger-shaped pouch that projects from the colon
appendix
organ with no known/specific function
vestigial organ (e.g. male nipples)
allegedly has antibodies that fight diseases; lesser chances of constipation when u have this
appendix
inflammation of appendix; appendix is filled with pus
appendicitis
Why does appendicitis happen?
Foreign materials enter the appendix; the appendix cannot digest those materials so they accumulate toxins and cause inflammation
process of removing the appendix
appendectomy
2 Types of circulation
- Pulmonary
- Systemic
Circulatory System is composed of:
- Heart
- Blood Vessels
- Blood
has a pigment (hemoglobin) making it red in color
Blood
Composition of blood
- Plasma - liquid portion of the blood
- Cellular parts (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets)
carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body
Blood
What is plasma made of?
Water, salt, enzymes
RBCs are found where?
Bone marrow
Spongy part of bone
Bone marrow
Where is bone marrow found?
femur, humerus, pelvis, breastbone, and spine
Liters of blood in men and women
Men = 5.6
Women = 4.5
Only place with no blood; can absorb oxygen so no need to have blood
Cornea
Why are RBCs enucleated?
More intracellular space for hemoglobin
carry oxygen and nutrients to different parts of the body
RBCs (erythrocytes)
Types of WBCs (leukocytes)
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
Basophils
Small, colorless fragments in our blood that form cells and prevent bleeding
Platelet (thrombocytes)
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
connect arteries to capillaries
arterioles
3 types of veins
Venules, veins, vena cava
The 2 modified blood vessels
- Pulmonary Artery
- Pulmonary Vein
Transport blood, nutrients, and oxygen (gases) to cells in organs and body systems; smallest blood vessels in vascular system
Capillaries
4 chambers of the heart
RA
RV
LA
LV
Pumps blood throughout the body
Heart
Why are there heart valves?
To prevent backflow of blood; mixing of deoxed and oxd blood can lead to heart failure
Matral valve is also known as?
Bicuspid valve
The 4 heart valves
- Tricuspid
- Pulmonary
- Mitral
- Aortic
Enumerate the flow of blood from the tissues to the heart
tissues/organs - capillaries - venules - veins - VC - RA - RV - PA - lungs - PV - LA - LV - aorta
Generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract.
SA Node
