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Medical Science > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the types of nutrients a human requires to remain healthy

A

Vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, fats and water

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2
Q

What are vitamins used for in the body ?

A

To heal wounds and boost your immune system

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3
Q

What are minerals used for in the body ?

A

To keep your bones, muscles, heart and brain working properly

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4
Q

What are proteins used for in the body ?

A

helps repair and build your body’s tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions

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5
Q

What are fats used for in the body ?

A

store energy, insulate us and protect our vital organs

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6
Q

What is water used for in the body ?

A

help regulate temperature and maintain other bodily functions

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7
Q

What are carbohydrates used for In the body?

A

the main source of energy for your body’s cells, tissues, and organs

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8
Q

What is the role of the digestive system?

A

breaks nutrients into parts small enough for your body to absorb and use for energy, growth, and cell repair

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9
Q

What is the buccal cavity?

A

The mouth

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10
Q

What elements does the amino group in an amino acid consist of?

A

One nitrogen and two hydrogens

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11
Q

What elements does the alpha carbon group in an amino acid consist of?

A

Two carbons and a nitrogen

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12
Q

What elements does the carboxylic acid group consist of (including bonds)

A

A carbon double bonded to an oxygen with an hydroxide group (OH)

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13
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

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14
Q

What bond is formed between two amino acids?

A

Peptide bond

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15
Q

What is produced when two amino acids bond together (2 things)

A

Dipeptide and water (H2O)

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16
Q

What type of reaction happens when two amino acids bond together?

A

Condensation

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17
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein

A

A sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

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18
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein

A

A specific folding of the primary structure held together by hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

What two types of folding do you get in the secondary structure?

A

Alpha helix, beta pleated sheet

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20
Q

What is the quaternary protein structure ?

A

2 or more protein molecules coming together to form a functioning protein

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21
Q

Name the two types of nutrient used by humans as a source of energy

A

Carbohydrates and lipids

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22
Q

Why does starch need to be digested?

A

Because it’s a large molecule and can’t go through a cell membrane until sufficiently hydrolysed

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23
Q

What processes releases ATP

A

Respiration

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24
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses starch

A

Amylase

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25
Q

What three glands produce amylase

A

Salivary gland, pancreas and the ilium wall (small intestine)

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26
Q

What is the chemical formula of glucose

A

C6H12O6

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27
Q

Are there any differences in the chemical formula for glucose, galactose and fructose?

A

No

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28
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

Alpha glucose has a hydrogen on top of the OH bond on the right side and beta is flipped having the OH bond on top of the hydrogen bond on the left side

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29
Q

Where can beta glucose be found ?

A

Cellulose

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30
Q

What disaccharide do you get when you join two glucose molecules together and what product is left over

A

Maltose with water left over

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31
Q

What disaccharide do you get when you react glucose and fructose together and what other product is produced

A

Sucrose with water also produced

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32
Q

What disaccharide do you get when you react glucose and galactose together and what product is also produced

A

Lactose with water also produced

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33
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Multiply sugar units

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34
Q

What organisms storage molecules are starch and glycogen (animal or plant)

A

Glycogen-animal

Starch-plant

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35
Q

Why are starch and glucose good storage molecules?

A

Because it’s a branched molecule which allows it to be highly soluble

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36
Q

Name three polysaccharides

A

Glycogen, starch and cellulose

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37
Q

What bond joins polysaccharides together

A

Glycosidic bonds

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38
Q

What is starch broken down into and by which enzyme?

A

Amylase, it’s broken into maltose

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39
Q

What is maltose broken down into

A

Alpha glucose

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40
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses maltose ?

A

Maltase

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41
Q

How many sugar units is starch broken down into

A

2 sugar units

42
Q

What hypotheses is used to describe how starch and other substrates are broken down

A

Lock and key

43
Q

Name four places carbohydrates are digested

A

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine

44
Q

Where is pepsin made

A

Stomach

45
Q

Where is Pepsins place of action

A

Mouth and stomach

46
Q

What is pepsins substrate

A

Protein

47
Q

What is pepsins product

A

Polypeptides

48
Q

What is pepsins optimum PH

A

2

49
Q

Where is Enterokinase made

A

Pancreas

50
Q

Where is Enterokinase place of action

A

Small intestine

51
Q

What is Enterokinase substrate

A

Protein

52
Q

Where is trypsin made?

A

Pancreas

53
Q

Where is trypsin’s place of action

A

Small intestine

54
Q

What is trypsin’s substrate ?

A

Protein (polypeptide)

55
Q

What is trypsin’s optimum PH

A

9.0

56
Q

Where is Dipeptidases place of action

A

Small intestine

57
Q

What is Dipeptidases substrate

A

Protein (dipeptide)

58
Q

What is Dipeptidases optimum PH

A

5.5

59
Q

What enzyme breaks down protein

A

Endopeptidase

60
Q

What enzyme breaks down polypeptides

A

Exopeptidase

61
Q

What enzyme breaks down dipeptides

A

Dipeptidase

62
Q

What are dipeptides hydrolysed into

A

Amino acids

63
Q

Where is endopeptidase active

A

In the stomach

64
Q

How does endopeptidase help other enzymes further hydrolyse a molecule

A

By creating lots of “ends”

65
Q

Where is exopeptidase active

A

The small intestine

66
Q

Why is pancreas juice alkaline

A

To neutralise the stomach acid

67
Q

Where are Dipeptidases found

A

On the wall of the small intestine

68
Q

Why does mucus line the stomach wall

A

To prevent pepsin digesting the wall of the stomach

69
Q

What is pepsins inactive enzyme called

A

Pepsinogen

70
Q

What are 3 symptoms of peptic stomach ulcers

A

Heartburn, bloating, unexplained weight loss (also burning in upper abdomen, dark stools, nausea and vomiting)

71
Q

What is trypsin’s inactive enzyme

A

Trypsinogen

72
Q

What does bile do to fat

A

Emulsifies the fat globules

73
Q

Where is bile made?

A

The liver

74
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gallbladder

75
Q

Bile emulsifies lipid. What does this mean?

A

It breaks up large fat molecules (it is not an enzyme though and NOTHING gets hydrolysed)

76
Q

Why is bile alkaline?

A

To neutralise the stomach acid

77
Q

Where is lipase made?

A

Pancreas, mouth and stomach

78
Q

Where are lipids digested

A

Small intestines

79
Q

What products do you get from hydrolysing lipids

A

One glycerol and 3 fatty acids

80
Q

What part of lipids is hydrophobic

A

Fatty acid tails

81
Q

What part of lipids are hydrophilic

A

Glycerol

82
Q

What happens when you mix lipids and water

A

Micelle forms

83
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses lipids

A

Lipase

84
Q

What happens to an enzyme after optimum PH has passed

A

The enzyme denatures

85
Q

What happens if the PH is too high for an enzyme

A

The enzyme denatures

86
Q

What is meant by the “denatured enzyme”

A

A permanent change in the tertiary structure of an enzyme causing hydrogen bonds to break

87
Q

What happens when en enzyme denatures ( rate of reaction and bonds )

A

The rate of reaction is slowed and hydrogen bonds break

88
Q

What does a competitive inhibitor do ?

A

Slow down the rate of reaction

89
Q

What happens when a competitive inhibitor binds to the active site and not the enzyme?

A

The enzyme can not catalyse the reaction of bind to the active site

90
Q

What happens when a non competitive inhibitor binds to the allosteric site (the other active site)

A

The inhibitor causes the enzyme and active site to change shape making the substrate unable to bind to the active site

91
Q

What needs to be on the wall of the gut to cause peristalsis?

A

Mucus for lubricant

92
Q

What is serosa

A

The outer covering of the gut (strong connective tissue)

93
Q

What are the muscle layers in the oesophagus for ?

A

Contraction and relaxation of the muscle to cause peristalsis

94
Q

What does the submocosa contain

A

Connective tissue, nerve tissue, blood vessels, elastic tissue and lymph vessels

95
Q

What does mucosa contain ?

A

Goblet cells which produce mucus and enzyme secreting cells

96
Q

Where is gastric juice produced

A

Gastric pits

97
Q

What do chief cells produce

A

Pepsinogen

98
Q

What do Oxyntic/ parietal cells produce

A

Hydrochloric acid

99
Q

What is folded to create villi

A

Mucosa

100
Q

What are between the villi

A

Intestinal glands (crypts of leiberkuhn)

101
Q

How are the villi adapted for the absorption of digested food ?

A
  • large surface area
  • short diffusion distance
  • a diffusion gradient
102
Q

Why does the large intestine wall have thick muscle

A

To push drier food along the gut

Medical Science (3 decks)

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