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Renal > Digestive Physiology > Flashcards

Digestive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical and physical breakdown of food is referred to as what?

A

Digestion

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2
Q

What happens during absorption?

A

Nutrients are taken into the blood

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3
Q

What contributes to the high rate of surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

A

Convoluted surface area of the lumen

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4
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine?

A

Endocrine is secretions into the blood and exocrine is secretions into the digestive tract

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5
Q

What is the main point of the regulation of GI processes?

A

Regulated by stomach volume and contents, not the nutritional state of the body

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6
Q

What are the 4 ways that the GI processes are regulated?

A

Distension of stomach walls, osmolarity of chyme, chyme acidity and the concentration of digestive enzymes in the chyme

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7
Q

How do emotional states and hunger influence the GI system?

A

Emotional states trigger the CNS which innervates the smooth muscles, response in the gastrointestinal lumen

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8
Q

Sublingual, submandibular and parotid are 3 types of what?

A

Salivary glands

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9
Q

What are the contents of saliva?

A

Mucus, water, HCO3- and enzymes

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10
Q

Which enzymes are in saliva?

A

Lysozyme, salivary lipase and salivary amylase

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11
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

Breaks down carbs

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12
Q

What does salivary lipase do?

A

Breaks down fat

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13
Q

What is the purpose of saliva?

A

Lubricate food, buffer acidity

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14
Q

Increased salivary gland activity by increased blood flow to the salivary glands is under control of what?

A

Parasympathetic activity

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15
Q

Decreased salivary gland activity is under the control of what?

A

Sympathetic activity

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16
Q

What causes heartburn?

A

Acid reflux into the cardiac sphincter

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17
Q

What are the two sphincters in the esophagus?

A

Upper esophageal sphincter and lower esophageal sphincter

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18
Q

How does regurgitation of chyme into the esophagus happen?

A

Esophageal sphincters don’t always close properly during and following swallowing, allows chyme into esophagus

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19
Q

The wave of contractions to bring food downward is referred to as what?

A

Peristalsis

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the stomach?

A

Parietal cells, chief cells and G cells

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21
Q

Which cells secrete pepsinogen in the stomach?

A

Chief cells

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22
Q

Which cells secret HCl and intrinsic factor in the stomach?

A

Parietal cells

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23
Q

Where does the HCl in the stomach come from?

A

The bicarbonate buffer system, secreted by parietal cells

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24
Q

Which cells in the stomach secrete gastrin?

A

G cells

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25
Q

Where does gastrin go after secretion?

A

Into the blood

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26
Q

Out of carbs, fats and proteins, which macromolecule gets partially digested in the stomach?

A

Proteins

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27
Q

The increase of proteins in the stomach lumen stimulates what?

A

Gastrin release and the insertion of H/K Atpase pumps, ultimately means increased acidity

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28
Q

How is stomach acidity increased in the stomach?

A

Insertion of H/K ATPase pumps into the parietal cells

29
Q

What shuts off gastrin?

A

Too much acidity - example of negative feedback

30
Q

How much protein digestion occurs in the stomach?

A

About 20%

31
Q

Why is pepsinogen inactive in the small intestine?

A

Requires a low pH

32
Q

Where is the pyloric sphincter located?

A

At the junction of the stomach and the small intestine

33
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

It only allows a small amount of chyme into the small intestine at a time

34
Q

How does increased fat presence affect gastric emptying?

A

It inhibits/slows it down

35
Q

What is the whole volume of the stomach?

A

0.5-4L

36
Q

Where is the brush border?

A

Fancy apical membranes of the small intestine

37
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

38
Q

What is secreted by the pancreas?

A

Bicarbonate, zymogens (ex: trypsinogen)

39
Q

Which cells secrete trypsinogen?

A

Acinar cells in the pancreas

40
Q

What converts trypsinogen to trypsin?

A

Enterokinase

41
Q

Why is HCO3- secreted by the pancreas?

A

Needs to buffer acidity of the chyme, too much acidity would inactive the zymogens

42
Q

Increased acid from stomach increases the secretion of what from the small intestine?

A

Secretin

43
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Stimulates HCO3- secretion, increases plasma secretin

44
Q

What is CCK production stimulated by?

A

Increased fatty acids and amino acids in the small intestine

45
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Increases enzyme secretion from the Acinar cells of the pancreas

46
Q

What is bile composed of?

A

HCO3-, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigments and bile salts

47
Q

What does bile do?

A

Solubilizes dietary fats (mechanical digestion)

48
Q

How is bile brought into the small intestine?

A

It gets taken up by transporters in the ileum

49
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Signals gallbladder and pancreas to contract, results in release of bile

50
Q

Glucose and galactose take what transporter into the epithelial cell?

A

sGLUT

51
Q

Fructose takes what transporter into the epithelial cell?

A

GLUT

52
Q

Do glucose, fructose and galactose take the same transporter out of the epithelial cells or travel separately?

A

They take the same GLUT transporter out

53
Q

Which gradient is amino acid transport into the epithelial cell associated with?

A

Na+

54
Q

Which ion gradient is small peptide transport into the epithelial cell paired with?

A

Hydrogen

55
Q

What converts small peptides into amino acids in the lumen?

A

Brush border enzymes

56
Q

What converts small peptides into amino acids in the epithelial cell?

A

Peptidase

57
Q

What breaks triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids?

A

Pancreatic lipase

58
Q

How do dietary fats get into the intestinal epithelial cell?

A

Diffusion

59
Q

What happens to dietary fats in the intestinal epithelial cells?

A

They’re converted into triglycerides by the smooth ER, then transported into lymphatic circulation as chylomicron

60
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

61
Q

How do water soluble vitamins get absorbed?

A

Diffusion and mediated transport

62
Q

What is the name of the sphincter between the small and large intestines?

A

ileocecal

63
Q

How is the defecation reflex triggered?

A

Distension of the walls of the rectum

64
Q

What are some functions of the gut microbiota?

A

Vitamin K synthesis, metabolic aid, and education of the immune system

65
Q

What does gluten do in Celiac’s disease?

A

Damages the epithelial cells and decreases surface area for absorption of nutrients

66
Q

What bacteria causes ulcers?

A

Heliobacter pylori

67
Q

What are two drugs that help ulcers?

A

Histamine receptor blockers (cimetidine) and H/K pump inhibitors (omeoprazol)

68
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Increases acid production

Renal (6 decks)

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