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Anatomy & Physiology II > Digestive/Metabolism > Flashcards

Digestive/Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive tract

A

Muscular tube (GI tract) passes through pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

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2
Q

Major organs of digestive tract

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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3
Q

Accessory organs of digestive tract

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, pancreas

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4
Q

6 Functions of digestive tract

A

ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, excretion

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5
Q

Lining of digestive tract

A

Safeguards against: Corrosive effects of acids and enzymes, mechanical stresses such as abrasion, bacteria

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6
Q

Peritoneal fluid

A

Produced by serous membrane lining, provides essential lubrication, separates parietal and visceral surfaces, allows sliding without friction

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7
Q

Ascites

A

excess peritoneal fluid causing abdominal swelling

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8
Q

Peritonitis

A

inflammation

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9
Q

Mesenteries

A

Double sheets of peritoneal membrane, stabilize positions of attached organs, prevent intestines from becoming entangled

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10
Q

Lesser omemtum

A

stabilizes position of stomach, provides access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving liver

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11
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Helps stabilize position of liver

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12
Q

Dorsal mesentery

A

Enlarges to form an enormous pouch, called the greater omemtum

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13
Q

Greater omentum

A

Extends inferiorly between body wall and anterior surface of small intestine (hangs like an apron)

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14
Q

Mesentery proper

A

Thick mesenterial sheet, provides stability, permits some independent movement, associated with initial portion of small intestine (duodenum) and pancreas

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15
Q

Mesocolon

A

Mesentery associated with a portion of the large intestine

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16
Q

Transverse mesocolon

A

Supports transverse colon

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17
Q

Sigmoid mesocolon

A

supports sigmoid colon

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18
Q

Digestive epithelium

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, mechanical stresses, lined by stratified squamous epithelium, stomach, small intestine, and most of large intestine, absorption

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19
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

(GI tract and pancreas) Scattered among columnar cells of digestive epithelium and secrete hormones to coordinate activities of the digestive tract and accessory glands

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20
Q

Lining of Digestive Tract

A

Folding increases surface area for absorption (longitudinal folds, permanent transverse folds)

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21
Q

Lamina propria

A

Consists of a layer of areolar tissue that contains blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, lymphatic vessels, smooth muscle cells, scattered areas of lymphatic tissue

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22
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

Narrow band of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in lamina propria, smooth muscle cells arranged in two concentric layers

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23
Q

Submucosa

A

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds muscularis mucosae, has large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, may contain exocrine glands

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24
Q

Functions of the oral cavity

A

Sensory analysis, mechanical processing, lubrication, limited digestion

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25
Q

Oral mucosa

A

lining of oral cavity, has stratified squamous epithelium, of cheeks, lips, and inferior surface of tongue, inferior to tongue is thin and vascular enough to rapidly absorb lipid-soluble drugs

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26
Q

Tongue

A

Manipulates materials inside mouth

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27
Q

Functions of the tongue

A

Mechanical processing by compression, abrasion, and distortion, manipulation to assist in chewing and to prepare material for swallowing, sensory analysis by touch, temperature, and taste receptors, secretion of mucins and the enzyme lingual lipase

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28
Q

Saliva

A

Mix of glandular secretions with slightly different properties, function: lubrication, dissolves chemical=stimulate taste buds, begin digestion, prevent acid buildup and control bacterial growth

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29
Q

Salivary glands

A

Parotid (25%), Sublingual (5%), Submandibular (70%)

30
Q

Types of teeth

A

incisors, cuspids (canines), bicuspids (premolars), molars

31
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

AKA primary teeth, milk teeth, baby teeth

32
Q

Secondary Dentition

A

Also called permanent dentition, replaces decidous teeth

33
Q

Esophagus

A

Hollow muscular tube, moves solid food and liquids to the stomach, enters abdominal cavity through esophageal hiatus

34
Q

Wall of esophagus has 3 layers

A

Mucosal, Submucosal, Muscularis

35
Q

Stomach:functions

A

Storage, mechanical breakdown, disruption of chemical bonds, production of intrinsic factor

36
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Gastric secretion begins when you see, smell taste, or think of food, this phase usually lasts only minutes

37
Q

Gastric phase

A

Begins with arrival of food in the stomach, alkaline tide

38
Q

Intestinal phase

A

Begins when chyme (undigested) enters SI, function-ensure efficiency of secretion, digestion, and absorption

39
Q

Small intestine

A

Plays key role in digestion and absorption of nutrients, 90% of nutrient absorption occurs here

40
Q

Duodenum

A

The segment of small intestine closest to stomach, mixing bowl that receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver

41
Q

Functions of the duodenum

A

To receive chyme from stomach, to neutralize acids before they can damage the absorptive surfaces of the small intestine

42
Q

Jejunam

A

middle segment of small intestine, location of most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption, has few plicae circulares, small villi

43
Q

IIleum

A

Final segment of small intestine, ends at ileocecal valve

44
Q

Enteropeptidase

A

brush border enzyme, activates pancreatic proenzyme trypsinogen

45
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Produce intestinal hormones such as gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin

46
Q

Duodenal glands

A

AKA submucosal glands/Brunner’s glands, produce copious quantities of mucus

47
Q

Gastrin

A

Secreted by G cells in duodenum, promotes increased stomach motility, stimulates acids and enzyme production

48
Q

Secretin

A

Is released when chyme arrives in duodenum, increases secretion of bile and buffers by liver and pancreas

49
Q

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

A

Is secreted when fats and carbohydrates enter small intestine

50
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Secreted in duodenum, when chyme contains lipids and partially digested proteins, accelerates pancreatic production/secretion of digestive enzymes

51
Q

Intestinal absorption

A

Takes about five hours for materials to pass from duodenum to end of ileum, movements of mucosa increase absorptive effectiveness

52
Q

Large intestine functions

A

Reabsorption of water, compaction of intestinal contents into feces, absorption of important vitamins produced by bacteria, storage of fecal material prior to defecation

53
Q

Parts of the large intestine

A

Cecum, Colon, rectum

54
Q

Appendix

A

Slender, hollow appendage about 9 cm long, dominated by lymphoid nodules, is attached to posteromedial surface of cecum

55
Q

Four regions of the colon

A

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

56
Q

Rectum

A

Forms last 15 cm of digestive tract, expandable organ for temporary storage of feces, movement of fecal material into this triggers urge to defecate

57
Q

Anus

A

Has keratinized epidermis like skin

58
Q

Internal anal sphincter

A

Circular muscle layer of muscularis externa, has smooth muscle cells, not under voluntary control

59
Q

External anal sphincter

A

Encircles distal portion of anal canal, a ring of skeletal muscle fibers, under voluntary control

60
Q

Absorption in the large intestine

A

Reabsorption of water, reabsorption of bile salts, absorption of vitamins produced by bacteria, absorption of organic wastes

61
Q

3 vitamins produced in large intestine

A

Vitamin K, Biotin, Vitamin B5

62
Q

Bacteria break down peptides and feces and generate:

A

Ammonia, Indole and skatole (nitrogen compounds responsible for odor of feces), hydrogen sulfide

63
Q

Digestive enzymes-salivary glands

A

amylase, result-polysacchs

64
Q

Digestive enzymes-stomach

A

pepsin, result-proteins

65
Q

Digestive enzymes-pancreas

A

lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, nucleotidase, result-lipids, proteins, proteins, DNA/RNA

66
Q

Digestive enzyme-brush-border

A

Peptidases, nucleases, lactase, maltase, sucrase, result-protein, dinucleotides, lactose, maltose, sucrose

67
Q

Functions of liver

A

Metabolic regulation-hepatic portal system: all blood leaving GI tract enters liver, extracts nutrients/toxins, storage: excess vitamins and minerals, metabolism: carbs, lipids, AAs, Bile production

68
Q

Functions of bile

A

Bile salts break droplets apart (emulsification), increases surface area exposed to enzymatic attack

69
Q

Celiac disease

A

immune reaction to eating gluten

70
Q

Diverticulitis

A

inflammation of diverticula (bulging pouches)

71
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

inflammatory bowel disease, affects one area

72
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

inflammatory bowel disease, affects multiple areas

Anatomy & Physiology II (2 decks)

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