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Anatomy & Physiology II > Digestive/Metabolism > Flashcards

Digestive/Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive tract

A

Muscular tube (GI tract) passes through pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

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2
Q

Major organs of digestive tract

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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3
Q

Accessory organs of digestive tract

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, pancreas

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4
Q

6 Functions of digestive tract

A

ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, excretion

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5
Q

Lining of digestive tract

A

Safeguards against: Corrosive effects of acids and enzymes, mechanical stresses such as abrasion, bacteria

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6
Q

Peritoneal fluid

A

Produced by serous membrane lining, provides essential lubrication, separates parietal and visceral surfaces, allows sliding without friction

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7
Q

Ascites

A

excess peritoneal fluid causing abdominal swelling

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8
Q

Peritonitis

A

inflammation

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9
Q

Mesenteries

A

Double sheets of peritoneal membrane, stabilize positions of attached organs, prevent intestines from becoming entangled

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10
Q

Lesser omemtum

A

stabilizes position of stomach, provides access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving liver

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11
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Helps stabilize position of liver

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12
Q

Dorsal mesentery

A

Enlarges to form an enormous pouch, called the greater omemtum

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13
Q

Greater omentum

A

Extends inferiorly between body wall and anterior surface of small intestine (hangs like an apron)

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14
Q

Mesentery proper

A

Thick mesenterial sheet, provides stability, permits some independent movement, associated with initial portion of small intestine (duodenum) and pancreas

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15
Q

Mesocolon

A

Mesentery associated with a portion of the large intestine

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16
Q

Transverse mesocolon

A

Supports transverse colon

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17
Q

Sigmoid mesocolon

A

supports sigmoid colon

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18
Q

Digestive epithelium

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, mechanical stresses, lined by stratified squamous epithelium, stomach, small intestine, and most of large intestine, absorption

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19
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

(GI tract and pancreas) Scattered among columnar cells of digestive epithelium and secrete hormones to coordinate activities of the digestive tract and accessory glands

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20
Q

Lining of Digestive Tract

A

Folding increases surface area for absorption (longitudinal folds, permanent transverse folds)

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21
Q

Lamina propria

A

Consists of a layer of areolar tissue that contains blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, lymphatic vessels, smooth muscle cells, scattered areas of lymphatic tissue

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22
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

Narrow band of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in lamina propria, smooth muscle cells arranged in two concentric layers

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23
Q

Submucosa

A

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds muscularis mucosae, has large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, may contain exocrine glands

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24
Q

Functions of the oral cavity

A

Sensory analysis, mechanical processing, lubrication, limited digestion

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25
Oral mucosa
lining of oral cavity, has stratified squamous epithelium, of cheeks, lips, and inferior surface of tongue, inferior to tongue is thin and vascular enough to rapidly absorb lipid-soluble drugs
26
Tongue
Manipulates materials inside mouth
27
Functions of the tongue
Mechanical processing by compression, abrasion, and distortion, manipulation to assist in chewing and to prepare material for swallowing, sensory analysis by touch, temperature, and taste receptors, secretion of mucins and the enzyme lingual lipase
28
Saliva
Mix of glandular secretions with slightly different properties, function: lubrication, dissolves chemical=stimulate taste buds, begin digestion, prevent acid buildup and control bacterial growth
29
Salivary glands
Parotid (25%), Sublingual (5%), Submandibular (70%)
30
Types of teeth
incisors, cuspids (canines), bicuspids (premolars), molars
31
Deciduous teeth
AKA primary teeth, milk teeth, baby teeth
32
Secondary Dentition
Also called permanent dentition, replaces decidous teeth
33
Esophagus
Hollow muscular tube, moves solid food and liquids to the stomach, enters abdominal cavity through esophageal hiatus
34
Wall of esophagus has 3 layers
Mucosal, Submucosal, Muscularis
35
Stomach:functions
Storage, mechanical breakdown, disruption of chemical bonds, production of intrinsic factor
36
Cephalic phase
Gastric secretion begins when you see, smell taste, or think of food, this phase usually lasts only minutes
37
Gastric phase
Begins with arrival of food in the stomach, alkaline tide
38
Intestinal phase
Begins when chyme (undigested) enters SI, function-ensure efficiency of secretion, digestion, and absorption
39
Small intestine
Plays key role in digestion and absorption of nutrients, 90% of nutrient absorption occurs here
40
Duodenum
The segment of small intestine closest to stomach, mixing bowl that receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver
41
Functions of the duodenum
To receive chyme from stomach, to neutralize acids before they can damage the absorptive surfaces of the small intestine
42
Jejunam
middle segment of small intestine, location of most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption, has few plicae circulares, small villi
43
IIleum
Final segment of small intestine, ends at ileocecal valve
44
Enteropeptidase
brush border enzyme, activates pancreatic proenzyme trypsinogen
45
Enteroendocrine cells
Produce intestinal hormones such as gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin
46
Duodenal glands
AKA submucosal glands/Brunner's glands, produce copious quantities of mucus
47
Gastrin
Secreted by G cells in duodenum, promotes increased stomach motility, stimulates acids and enzyme production
48
Secretin
Is released when chyme arrives in duodenum, increases secretion of bile and buffers by liver and pancreas
49
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
Is secreted when fats and carbohydrates enter small intestine
50
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secreted in duodenum, when chyme contains lipids and partially digested proteins, accelerates pancreatic production/secretion of digestive enzymes
51
Intestinal absorption
Takes about five hours for materials to pass from duodenum to end of ileum, movements of mucosa increase absorptive effectiveness
52
Large intestine functions
Reabsorption of water, compaction of intestinal contents into feces, absorption of important vitamins produced by bacteria, storage of fecal material prior to defecation
53
Parts of the large intestine
Cecum, Colon, rectum
54
Appendix
Slender, hollow appendage about 9 cm long, dominated by lymphoid nodules, is attached to posteromedial surface of cecum
55
Four regions of the colon
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
56
Rectum
Forms last 15 cm of digestive tract, expandable organ for temporary storage of feces, movement of fecal material into this triggers urge to defecate
57
Anus
Has keratinized epidermis like skin
58
Internal anal sphincter
Circular muscle layer of muscularis externa, has smooth muscle cells, not under voluntary control
59
External anal sphincter
Encircles distal portion of anal canal, a ring of skeletal muscle fibers, under voluntary control
60
Absorption in the large intestine
Reabsorption of water, reabsorption of bile salts, absorption of vitamins produced by bacteria, absorption of organic wastes
61
3 vitamins produced in large intestine
Vitamin K, Biotin, Vitamin B5
62
Bacteria break down peptides and feces and generate:
Ammonia, Indole and skatole (nitrogen compounds responsible for odor of feces), hydrogen sulfide
63
Digestive enzymes-salivary glands
amylase, result-polysacchs
64
Digestive enzymes-stomach
pepsin, result-proteins
65
Digestive enzymes-pancreas
lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, nucleotidase, result-lipids, proteins, proteins, DNA/RNA
66
Digestive enzyme-brush-border
Peptidases, nucleases, lactase, maltase, sucrase, result-protein, dinucleotides, lactose, maltose, sucrose
67
Functions of liver
Metabolic regulation-hepatic portal system: all blood leaving GI tract enters liver, extracts nutrients/toxins, storage: excess vitamins and minerals, metabolism: carbs, lipids, AAs, Bile production
68
Functions of bile
Bile salts break droplets apart (emulsification), increases surface area exposed to enzymatic attack
69
Celiac disease
immune reaction to eating gluten
70
Diverticulitis
inflammation of diverticula (bulging pouches)
71
Ulcerative colitis
inflammatory bowel disease, affects one area
72
Crohn's disease
inflammatory bowel disease, affects multiple areas

Anatomy & Physiology II (2 decks)

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