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Anatomy & Physiology II > Ch 26-Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch 26-Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys

A

Organs that produce urine

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2
Q

Urinary tract-functions and organs

A

Organs that eliminate urine-ureters ( paired tubes) urinary bladder (muscular sac), urethra (exit tube)

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3
Q

Micturition

A

Process of eliminating urine

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4
Q

Homeostatic functions of the urinary system (5)

A
  1. Regulates blood volume and blood pressure
  2. Regulates plasma ion concentrations
  3. Helps stabilize blood ph
  4. Conserves valuable nutrients
  5. Assists liver
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5
Q

Kidney position maintained by….

A

Overlying peritoneum, contact with adjacent visceral organs, supportive connective tissues

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6
Q

Each kidney protected and stabilized by these 3 connective tissue layers…

A
  1. Fibrous capsule, layer of collagen fibers, covers outer surface of entire organ
  2. Perinephric fat, thick layer of adipose tissue, surrounds renal capsule
  3. Renal fascia, dense fibrous outer layer, anchors kidney to surrounding structures
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7
Q

Sectional anatomy of kidneys

A

Renal sinus, renal cortex, renal pyramids, renal columns

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8
Q

Kidney lobe consists of:

A

Renal pyramid, overlying area of renal cortex, adjacent tissues of renal columns

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9
Q

Blood flow through the kidneys

A

IN…

  1. Renal artery
  2. Segmental artery
  3. Interlobar artery
  4. Arcuate artery
  5. Interlobular artery
  6. Afferent arteriole
  7. Glomerular capillaries
  8. Efferent arteriole
  9. Peritubular capillaries (gas and fluid exchange occurs)
  10. Interlobular vein
  11. Arcuate vein
  12. Interlobar vein
  13. Renal vein…OUT
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10
Q

3 Functions of Urinary System

A
  1. Excretion
  2. Elimination
  3. Homeostatic regulation
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11
Q

Renal papilla

A

Ducts discharge urine into minor calyx, a cup-shaped drain

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12
Q

Major calyx

A

Formed by four or five minor calyces

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13
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Large, funnel-shaped chamber, consists of two or three major calyces, fills most of renal sinus, connected to ureter

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14
Q

Sympathetic Innervation

A

Adjusts rate of urine formation by changing blood flow and blood pressure at nephron
Stimulates release of renin

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15
Q

Release of renin

A

Restricts losses of water and salt in urine by stimulating re-absorption at nephron

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16
Q

Renal tubule

A

Long tubular passageway, begins at renal corpuscle

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17
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Spherical structure consisting of: glomerular capsule, cup-shaped chamber, capillary network (glomerulus)

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18
Q

Filtration

A

Occurs in renal corpuscle
Blood pressure forces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space
Produces protein-free solution (filtrate) similar to blood plasma

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19
Q

3 Functions of Renal Tubule

A
  1. Reabsorb useful organic nutrients that enter filtrate
  2. Reabsorb more than 90% of water in filtrate
  3. Secrete waste products that failed to enter renal corpuscle through filtration at glomerulus
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20
Q

Segments of Renal Tubule

A

Located in cortex-PCT (proximal convoluted tubule), DCT (distal convoluted tubule), separated by nephron loop (loop of Henle)

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21
Q

Organization of Nephron

A

Traveling along tubule, filtrate gradually changes composition
Changes vary with activities in each segment of nephron

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22
Q

Each nephron empties into the__________

A

collecting system-a series of tubules that carries tubular fluid away from nephron

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23
Q

Collecting ducts

A

Receive fluid from many nephrons, Each duct begins in cortex, descends into medulla, carries fluid to papillary duct that drains into a minor calyx

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24
Q

Renal corpuscle function

A

Filtration, pressure forces water and solutes out of capillaries into capsular space, filtrate enters renal tubule where nutrients get reabsorbed

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25
Q

Visceral epithelium

A

Consists of large cells (podocytes) with complex processes or “feet” (pedicels) that wrap around specialized dense layer of glomerular capillaries

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26
Q

Filtration slits

A

Narrow gaps between adjacent pedicels, materials must be small enough to fit through these

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27
Q

Blood flow control

A

Special supporting cells (mesangial cells) between adjacent capillaries, control diameter and rate of capillary flow

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28
Q

Filtration membrane consists of…

A

Fenestrated endothelium, Dense layer, Filtration slits

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29
Q

Filtration at renal corpuscle

A

Is passive

Solutes enter capsular space-metabolic wastes and excess ions, glucose, free fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins

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30
Q

Reabsorption

A

Useful materials are recaptured before filtrate leaves kidneys, re-absorption occurs in PCT

31
Q

3 Processes at the DCT

A
  1. Active secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins
  2. Selective reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions from tubular fluid
  3. Selective reabsorption of water (concentrates tubular fluid)
32
Q

Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC)

A

Endocrine structure that secretes erythropoietin (EPO) and renin
Formed by: macula densa and JGC cells

33
Q

Structures lined by transitional epithelium

A

Minor and major calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, proximal portion of urethra

34
Q

External Urethral Sphincter

A 
Both sexes
A circular band of skeletal muscle where urethra passes through urogenital diaphragm
Acts as a valve
Under voluntary control
Has resting muscle tone
35
Q

Internal Urethral Sphincter

A

In neck of urinary bladder, muscular and provides involuntary control of urine discharge

36
Q

Goal of urine production

A

To maintain homeostasis…by: regulating blood volume and composition, Including excretion of metabolic waste products

37
Q

Kidney functions

A

To concentrate filtrate by glomerular filtration (failure leads to fatal dehydration), absorbs and retains valuable materials for use by other tissues (sugars and amino acids)

38
Q

Basic Processes of urine formation

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
39
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

BP forces water/solutes across capillaries

40
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

removal of water/solutes from filtrate, reclaims water, electrolytes, and glucose

41
Q

Tubular secretion

A

transport of solutes from, peritubular capillaries into tubular fluid (backup to filtration, excretion of toxins)

42
Q

Urine=……

A

Glomerular filtration + tubular secretion - tubular reabsorption

43
Q

3 organic waste products

A
  1. Urea
  2. Creatinine
  3. Uric acid
44
Q

Where does filtration exclusively occur?

A

Renal corpuscle

45
Q

Organic waste products….

A

Are dissolved in bloodstream, are eliminated only while dissolved in urine, removal is accompanied by water loss

46
Q

Ways of expressing osmotic concentration

A

Osmolarity-osmoles per liter (Osm/L) or milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L)
Ion concentrations, concentrations of large organic molecules

47
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Involves passage across a filtration membrane

48
Q

3 Components of membrane

A
  1. Capillary endothelium
  2. Dense layer
  3. Filtration salts
49
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

Amount of filtrate produced by kidneys each minute

50
Q

Myogenic mechanisms

A

how arteries/arterioles react to change in Blood Pressure

51
Q

Reabsorption

A

Recovers useful materials from filtrate

52
Q

Secretion

A

Ejects waste products, toxins, and other undesirable solutes

53
Q

Reabsorption and secretion

A

Occur in every segment of nephron except renal corpuscle

54
Q

Renin-angiotensin system

A

BV/BP decrease leads to drop in GFR= renin release
Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
ACE converts antiotensin I to angiotensin II
Vasoconstriction=increase in BP/BV, restores GFR

55
Q

ANP (atria) and BNP (ventricles)

A

Blood volume increases=GFR increases (speed up fluid loss in urine)
Dilation of afferent/constriction of efferent
Increases GFR, Na+ secretion

56
Q

Nephron loop

A

reabsorbs about 1/2 water and 2/3 sodium and chloride ions remaining in tubular fluid

57
Q

Countercurrent Multiplication

A

Occurs between thin, descending limb and thick ascending limb
Countercurrent-exchange between tubular fluids moving in opposite directions
multiplication-refers to effect of exchange and increases as movement of fluid continues

58
Q

Thin, descending limb

A

Permeable to water, not solutes (salts)

59
Q

Thick ascending limb

A

Impermeable to water, active solute transport (Na+)

60
Q

DCT

A

Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-, secretion of K+, H+

61
Q

CD

A

Reabsorption of Na+, HCO3-, urea

62
Q

Aldosterone

A

Stimulates synthesis of Na channels/pumps=reduction in Na lost

63
Q

pH drops

A

H+ into tubular fluid and reabsorb HCO3-

64
Q

pH rises

A

secrete HCO3- and pumps H+ in

65
Q

Obligatoy water reabsorption

A

Water movement that cannot be prevented

66
Q

Facultative water reabsorption

A

ADH release=aquaporin (water channels) insertion into plasma membrane

67
Q

Vasa recta

A

Reabsorption, maintains concentration gradient of medulla (vascular system)

68
Q

Diuresis

A

Elimination of urine, indicates large volumes of urine

69
Q

Diuretic therapy reduces…

A

Blood volume, blood pressure, extracellular fluid

70
Q

Diuretics-Lasix

A

Given to decrease fluids in body (human) for CHF/edema

Given for nasal bleeding (horse)

71
Q

Diseases of urinary system

A

Glomerulonephritis-inflammation of glomeruli, kidney stones, renal failure-kidneys unable to perform functions to maintain homeostasis

72
Q

Seven steps of renal function

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)-removal of ions
  3. PCT and Descending Limb-water moves into peritubular fluids, leaving highly concentrated tubular fluid/reduction in volume by water reabsorption
  4. Thick Ascending Limb-transport Na+ and Cl- out of tubule
  5. DCT and Collecting Ducts-final adjustments in tubular fluid conc, osmotic conc is adjusted through active transport
  6. DCT and Collecting Ducts-final adjustments cont. + exposure to ADH determines final urine conc.
  7. Vasa Recta-absorbs solutes and water reabsorbed by nephron loop, maintains concentration gradient
73
Q

Aging problems on urinary system

A

Decline in functional nephrons, reduction in GFR, reduced sensitivity to ADH, micturition reflex problems

Anatomy & Physiology II (2 decks)

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