Digestive, Abdominal vessels and Lymph Flashcards
What is the vertical fold of mucosa in median plan of the mouth extending between the lips and gum?
Labial Frenulum (upper and lower)
What is the mucosa surrounding the teeth?
Gingiva
What is the vertical mucosal fold in median plane under the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
Lingual frenulum
Where is the apex of the tongue located?
Anterior tip
Where is the body of the tongue located?
From the apex to the root
Where is the root of the tongue located?
posterior part; covered mostly by lingual tonsils
Extending upwards from behind the root of the tongue is the _______
Epiglottis
Where is the Median Sulcus?
Along the midline of the tongue and ends just anterior to root in foramen cecum
Where is the Terminal sulcus?
On dorsum of tongue running forward and laterally on either side to margin of tongue. It separates ant. 2/3 from posterior 1/3 of tongue.
On the tongue, CN 5 receives what sensory information?
Pressure, mechanical sensation from apex to valleculae. * texture difference/hair in food
On the tongue, CN 7 receives what sensory information?
Tase sensation, anterior 2/3 (via chorda tympani and lingual branch)
on the tongue, CN 9 receives what sensory information?
Posterior 1/3 taste and general sensation * SENSORY of gag reflex
On the tongue, CN 10 receives what sensory information
Medial part of root of tongue, lingual tonsils, extending over epiglottis *MOTOR of gag reflex
Physiology of taste: Sweet
High chloric value - crave because blood sugar dropped and increased insulin secreted
Physiology of taste: Sour
Acidic, citrus and essential vitamins
Physiology of taste: Salty
Quickly dissolve into electrolytes
Physiology of taste: Bitter
Alkaline - more likely to elicit a gag reflex because most alkaloid is not good for people
Physiology of taste: Umami
Protein - satiety/being full
physiology of taste: Spicy
Not really one of the 5 but irritation to the trigeminal nerve (CN5)
What are the intrinsic skeletal muscles of the tongue?
They modify the shape of the tongue
1. superior longitudinal
2. inferior longitudinal
3. transverse
4. vertical
What CN are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue innervated by?
Hypoglossal (CN12) (motor)
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by what CN?
CN12 Hypoglossal
What is the action of the Genioglossus tongue muscle?
Anterior fibers retract anterior tongue, posterior fibers protract and depress tongue
What is the action of the Styloglossus muscle?
Retract and elevates tongue
What is the action of the Hyoglossus muscle?
Depress the tongue - especially the root
Pharyngeal plexus and CN 9 and 10 innervate what extrinsic tongue muscle?
Palatoglossus
Salivary glands are innervated by what CN?
CN7!
The parotid gland is innervated by CN ___ and not CN7
CN9!
What secretion is involved in the beginning of carbohydrate catabolism (breakdown)
Salivary amylase/ptyalin
How many teeth are milk teeth?
20 deciduous milk teeth
How many teeth are permanent teeth?
32
What is the dental formula?
I 2/2, C1/1, B2/2, M3/3 = 16
What on the tooth is covered by enamel
Anatomical crown
What is the border of enamel and cement called?
Cervical line
where is the neck of the tooth?
Between the anatomical crown and root
What anchors the tooth to alveolar sockets?
The root
What kind of joint is the teeth in? and what are they teeth anchored in by?
Gumphosis joints and anchored by cementum with all other collagen
What CN innervates the Root of the tooth?
CN5 - V3 (upper) and V2 (lower)
What is the hardest, densest part of the tooth? (human body)
Enamel!!!
Bulk of tooth - covered by enamel on the crown and cementum over root
Dentin
What is the center of the tooth, deep dentin that contains blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue?
Pulp cavity
What are the HOLE/OPENING for vessels and nerves into pulp cavity?
Apical foramina
What covers the root, and attaches to tissue in alveolar socket
Cementum
What are the collagenous fibers between cement/shock absorber that contains tactile-pressure receptive nerve endings to protect the teeth?
The Periodontal membrane
What is the crevice created by gingiva being gently pulled away from the crown?
Gingival sulcus
Where would the site of gingivitis be located?
gingival sulcus
the soft palate is called what?
Nasopharynx
The lower edge of the soft plate to the level of the hyoid is what pharynx?
Oropharynx
What is the aperture by which the oral cavity communicates with the pharynx?
Fauces
What prevents food or liquid from coming up to the nasopharynx? / Dangly thing
Uvula
What is the action of the palatoglossal muscle?
Pulls root of tongue upward and backward - VOLUNTARY part of swallowing/ pushes bolus towards throat
What are the 3 portions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
What is the NI and action of Musculus uvulae?
Pharyngeal plexus (10)
action = shortens and broadens during swallowing
What level is the Laryngopharynx located?
C6/carotid cartilage
Palatopharyngeus and Salpingopharyngeus are innervated by what?
Pharyngeal plexus(11 via 10)
Stylopharyngeus is innervated by what?
CN 9/Glossopharyngeal
What is the first stage of Deglutition?
Oral component - Voluntary!!
What is the second stage of Deglutition?
Pharyngeal component - INVOLUNTARY!!!
What is the third stage Deglutition?
Esophageal component - INVOLUNTARY
Where are the 4 places constrictions occur before joining the stomach?
- Behind cricoid cartilage @ upper esophageal sphincter
- Where arch of aorta crosses
- Splitting of trachea into primary bronchus
- Esophageal hiatus in diaphragm @ lower esophageal sphincter
Lower esophogeal sphincter occurs at what spinal level?
T10
Stomach is located in what region?
Epigastric and left hypogastric regions of abdomen
What supports the stomach?
The lesser omentum on the side of the lesser curvature
What sphincter is actually a physiological sphincter/responds to the pH of the stomach
Cardiac/esophageal sphincter
What sphincter guards opening of pylorus into duodenum/true esophageal sphincter?
Pyloric sphincter
Where is the inferior duodenal flexure?
Ascending portion (to left edge of aorta)
What artery and vein pass anteriorly to the horizontal portion/inferior duodenal flexure?
Superior mesenteric artery and vein
Where does the Ascending portion of the duodenum begin?
Begins on left edge of aorta and ascends to join jejunum at the duodenojejunal flexure
What is the duodenojejunal flexure held in place by?
Ligament of Treitz
What is the proximal 2/5 of remaining small intestine?
Jejunum
In the small intestine, where does a lot of the absorption happen?
Jejunum
What is the last portion/ distal 3/5 of small intestine?
Ileum
What are peyers patches and where are they located?
Peyers patches are on the Ileum of the small intestine
What is the small intestine attached to the posterior abdominal wall by?
Mesentary proper/mesentary
Compared to the ileum, jejunum has/is:
wider lumen, thicker walls
Larger villi, more vascularity
Less complex arterial arcades
Ileocecal valve is what kind of valve?
Physiological
Vermaform appendix is what?
Little worm like piece hanging from the large intestine/Cecum
First part of the large intestine is what?
Cecum
From the ascending colon is what flexure?
Right colic hepatic flexure
What are the 3 bands of outer longitudinal smooth muscle that compress the colon?
Taenia Coli
When Taenia coli contract what are they forming in the large intestine?
Haustra
What are the edges of colon between haustra that project into lumen
Semilunar folds
What are the fat filled pouches of peritoneum hanging from free surface of the colon?
Appendices epiploicae
Rectum begins where and at what level?
At the rectosigmoid junction at level S3
What is the name of the 3 transverse rectal folds that project into the lumen?
Valves of Houston
Where does the anal canal begin?
Begins at upper surface of pelvic diaphragm to the anus
Where does the Clinical (surgical) anal canal begin?
Begins at the pectinate line formed by anal columns and valves
When does spicy food start burning on the way out?
Pectinate line
Sphincter ani internus is what kind of muscle contraction?
Involuntary
Sphincter ani externus is what of muscle contraction?
Voluntary
What organs/structures are retroperitoneal?
Suprarenal gland
Abdominal aorta + IVC
Duodenum (2nd & 3rd part)
Pancreas (not tail)
Ureters
Colon (ascending and descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum
Double layer of serous membrane
Mesentery
What ligament is part of greater oemntum between stomach and transverse colon and contains gastroepiploic vessels
Gastrocolic ligament
What ligament goes from the stomach to liver, and contains gastric vessels?
Hepatogastric ligament
What ligament goes from the duodenum to liver; contains common bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery?
Hepatoduodenal ligament
What ligament goes form the liver to the spleen?
Gastrosplenic ligament
What ligament goes from the spleen to the area anterior to kidney + attachments to diaphragm?
Splenorenal ligament
What ligament goes from liver to anterior abdominal wall/ wraps laterally around the liver and attaches at inferior surface of respiratory diaphragm?
Falciform ligament
What ligament goes from the liver to the diaphragm? (borders bare area)
Ant and Post. Coronary ligaments
What is the ligament where anterior and posterior coronary ligaments meet at their lateral extremities? (borders bare area)
L and R triangular ligaments
What is the largest gland and internal organ in the body besides skin?
LIVER
What surface of the liver is opposing respiratory diaphragm?
Diaphragmatic surface
What surface faces inferior and medial to the left? (everything not touching respiratory diaphragm)
Visceral surface
All structures entering or leaving the liver passes through what opening?
Porta Hepatis
How many lobes are there in the liver and what are they called?
2 main lobes 4 total
- LARGE right lobe
- Quadrate lobe
- Caudate lobe
- Small left lobe
What area on the liver is not covered by visceral peritoneum on posterior aspect of diaphragmatic surface
Bare area
What branch comes off the aorta immediately after entering the abdomen? an what are its branches if any?
Celiac trunk
- Left gastric –> esophageal branch
- Splenic artery –> Pancreatic branch,
proper splenic branch, short gastric
branch, left gastroepiploic
- Common hepatic artery –> goes to liver
What is the RIGHT set drainage of lymph from the Head and Neck
Deep cervical nodes in lymphatic vessels along R internal jugular vein –> Right lymphatic duct –> into venous system at junction of R subclavian and R internal jugular veins
What is the LEFT set drainage of lymph from the head and neck?
Deep cervical nodes in lymphatic vessels along L internal jugular vein –> thoracic duct –> into venous system at junction of L subclavian and L internal jugular veins
What is the L & R set drainage of lymph from the inguinal ligament?
Deep inguinal nodes –> External iliac nodes –> lumbar nodes –> Cristerna chyli of Thoracic duct –> into venous system at junction of left subclavian vein with intestinal nodes left internal jugular vein intestinal nodes
The cisterna chyli is the dilated, inferior part of the thoracic duct and located where?
Located at level of L2
What is the RIGHT side drainage of lymph from the thorax
R. bronchial and R. mediastinal nodes –> Right lymphatic duct –> into venous system at junction of R subclavian and R internal jugular veins
What is the LEFT set drainage of lymph from the thorax?
L. bronchial and L. mediastinal nodes –> Thoracic duct –> into venous system at junction of L. subclavian and L internal jugular veins
What lymph nodes drain lymphatic vessels of upper limb, external thorax, and external upper abdomen?
Axillary nodes
What is the Right set drainage pathway of lymph in the axillary?
R. axillary nodes –> R. subclavian nodes in lymphatic vessels along R. subclavian v. and a. –> Right lymphatic duct –> into venous system at junction of R. subclavian and R. internal jugular veins
What is the Left set drainage pathway of lymph in the axillary?
L. axillary nodes –> L. subclavian nodes in lymphatic vessels along L subclavian v and a. –> thoracic duct –> into venous system at junction of L. subclavian and L. internal jugular veins
Upper right quadrant of body drains in through what lymphatic duct?
Right Lymphatic duct
Everything except the upper right quadrant drains in through what lymphatic duct?
Thoracic duct
What portion of the stomach houses the majority of the hydrochloric acid?
Fundus
Fundus portion of stomach has what kind of protective compound to that prevents the stomach from eating itself?
Compound 157
The stomach has an intrinsic factor that protects what vitamin until it gets to the small intestine for absorption?
B12
What sphincter closes tightly in response to high acidity in the stomach?
Lower esophageal sphincter
When the lower esophageal sphincter doesn’t tightly close what side effects will occur?
Esophageal reflux
Common bile duct and Major pancreatic duct merge together to form what before the opening into the duodenum?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater
What is the opening into the duodenum from the hepatopancreatic ampulla called?
Major duodenal papilla
