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Pharmacology Lab Sem 2 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

Antiulcer Drugs

A

Antacids, Antisecretory (Histamine receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, anticholinergic drugs, prostaglandins), protective drugs (coating agents)

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2
Q

Antiaggressive drugs - Antacids

A

Aluminum salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts, sodium salts

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3
Q

Antisecretory drugs - Histamine receptor antagonists

A

Cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, roxatidine

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4
Q

Antisecretory drugs - proton pump inhibitors

A

omeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprozole,

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5
Q

Antisecretory drugs - anticholinergic drugs

A

pyrenzepine

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6
Q

Antisecretory drugs - Prostaglandin agonists

A

misoprostol

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7
Q

Protective drugs - coating agents

A

bismuth salts, sucralfate

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8
Q

Antacid administration

A

rapid symptomatic relief (liquids more potent), one dose at one hour and three hours after meals (6 doses per day), decreased compliance, reduce absorption of other drugs (tetracyclines, iron, isoniazid)

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9
Q

Aluminum compounds/magnesium compunds

A

A: cause constipation/ M: cause diarrhea

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10
Q

Sodium bicarbonate

A

Is a treatment for dyspepsia, but no recommended because if used in large amounts can cause systemic alkalosis

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11
Q

H2 receptor agonists administration

A

ulcer 4-8 weeks, reflux esophagitis, Zollinger Ellison, dyspepsia (no clear organic lesion)

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12
Q

Bile acids

A

Chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid

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13
Q

Bile acid administration

A

PT unfit for surgery, dissolve only small, uncalcified stones, with diameter less than 15mm, 10-15 mg/kg per day for at least 6 months, recurrence common, expensive treatment

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14
Q

Laxatives and purgatives

A

Bulk forming agents, hyper osmotic agents, stool softeners, stimulant agents, new laxatives

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15
Q

Bulk forming agents: fibers; plant based foods

A

methylcellulose, psyllium seeds

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16
Q

Hyperosmotic agents

A

Polyethylene glycol (PEG, Macrogol), lactulose, magnesium/sodium salts

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17
Q

Stool softeners

A

Docusate, mineral oil

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18
Q

Stimulant agents

A

Senna, bisacodyl

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19
Q

New laxatives

A

Prucaloprid, linaclotid, methylnatrexone

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20
Q

Laxative administration

A

normal stool in 8-12 hours, administered in evening, abuse leads to dehydration, constipation, electrolyte imbalance

21
Q

Laxative indications:

A

constipation (only treated with diet and education), hemorrhoids, hernia, anal lesion, heart disease.

22
Q

Purgative administration

A

food or drug intoxication, before surgery/radiologic/endoscopic examination of the bowel. Results in liquid stool in 2-6 hours

23
Q

Bulk forming agents

A

resist enzymatic digestion. Work in small and large intestine, absorb water, swell and increase stool volume with result of normal peristalsis. May take few days to act but there is no dependence

24
Q

Hyperosmotic agents are

A

not absorbed, work in colon and create osmotic pressure that retains water

25
Q

Stool softeners

A

soften and lubricate stool by allowing water and fats to be added, not first line drugs because they increase risk of aspiration pneumonia

26
Q

Stimulant agents

A

increase peristaltism by acting on intestinal mucosa/ nerve plexus (exact mechanism unknown)

27
Q

Methylnaltrexone

A

peripheral opioid antagonist used in constipation caused by opioids

28
Q

Antidiarrheal drugs

A

Symptomatic and Etiological types

29
Q

Symptomatic Antidiarrheal drugs

A

Opioids (Opium, morphine, loperamide); A antidiarrheal microorganisms (saccharomyces boulardii); mucoprotecting agents (diosmectite); anticholinergic drugs (atropine)

30
Q

Etiologic Antidiarrheal drugs

A

Ciproflozacin (C. jejune, Salmonella, Shigella, V. cholerae); Metronidazole (C. difficile), Ampicillin (L. monocytogenes), Vancomycin (S. aureus)

31
Q

Antidiarrheal administration

A

self limiting symptom caused by infection, traveling, drugs. Usually oral read ministration is sufficient (tea, lemonade cola without sodium)

32
Q

Loperamide

A

reduces peristalsis by stimulating opioid receptors in bowel, stasis allows absorption of fluids and consolidation of stool, in overuse it will lead to constipation

33
Q

Antidiarrheal microorganisms

A

should not be taken with hot or cold liquids (bind to bacteria, slow growth), disadvantages is allergic reaction or false positive microbiology testing of stool

34
Q

Cimetidine

A

inhibit enzymes in liver and may increase effect and toxicity of drugs: phenytoin, theophylline, phenobarbital, some benzodiazepines, cyclosporin, carbamazepine, calcium channel blockers, propranolol, warfarin, tricyclic antidepressants

35
Q

Proton pump inhibitors

A

most efficient acid suppressants, heal patients who do not respond to other drugs, high relapse rate in ulcer unless H. pylori is eradicated

36
Q

Misoprostol

A

analogue of prostaglandin E1 acts by increasing mucosal blood flow and mucus and duodenal bicarbonate secretion, administrated in prophylaxis and treatment in ulcer caused by NSAIDS, contraindicated in pregnancy (miscarraige)

37
Q

Protective drugs

A

form protective coating over ulcer crator, allow healing to occur underneath, adverse effects (metallic taste, back stool, encephalopathy after high doses, aluminum toxicity in renal failure), less convenient

38
Q

Antiemetic drugs - Dopamine receptor antagonists

A

Substituted benzamides (metoclopramide), benzimidazol derivatives (domperidon); phenothiazines (prochroperazine, thiethylperazine);butirophenones (droperidol, haloperiod)

39
Q

Antiemetic - Antihistamins H1

A

dimenhydrinate, meclozine

40
Q

antiemetic - anticholinergic drugs

A

scopolamine

41
Q

Antiemetic - Canabinoids

A

dronabinol, nabilone

42
Q

Antiemetic - Neurokinin 1 antagonists

A

aprepitant, eosaprepitant

43
Q

Antiemetic - 5-HT3 receptor antagonists

A

Granisetron, ondansentron, palonosetron, tropisetron

44
Q

Antiemetic administration

A

symptomatic drugs in prophylaxis/treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by meningitis, ICP, surgery, metabolic disorders, pregnancy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, treatments with opiods/ anesthetics

45
Q

Metoclopramide can cause

A

headache, extrapyramidal reactions, increased prolactin concentration

46
Q

Domperidone is

A

like Metoclopramide but less likely to cause extrapyramidal reactions

47
Q

Scopalomine is

A

used in prevention of motion sickness, one patch applied to hairless area of skin behind ear 5-6 hours before travel, one patch can prevent sickness for up to 3 days

48
Q

In the prophylaxis of nausea/ nom,itting due to chemotherapy

A

5-ht3 receptor antagonists or neurokinin 1 antagonists are effective

Pharmacology Lab Sem 2 (6 decks)

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