Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology Semester 2 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

True choleretics

A

Phenobarbital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hydrocholeretics

A

Ox bile extract, dehydrocholica acid, cynalra scolimus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Choleretics

A

drug which stimulate production of bile by the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cholagogues/cholecystokinetics

A

decrease biliary stasis by stimulating flow of bile into duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Real cholagogues

A

magnesium sulphate, olive oil, sunflower oil, yolk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hydrocholeretics and cholagogues are administered in

A

biliary dyskinesia (contraindicated in gallstones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phenobarbital

A

anticonvulsant and sedative-hypnotic induces CYP450 to decrease serum bilirubin, used in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, cholestasis, CONTRAINDICATIONS respiratory problem, lactation period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hydrocholeretics

A

increase volume of diluted bile, do not stimulate secretion of biliary constituents, excreted through bile they act by an osmotic mechanism, stimulate antitoxic function of liver (choleric and cholecystokinetic), laxative, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory effects. INDICATIONS : acute/chronic cholecystitis, liver cirrhosis, constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gallstones

A

cholesterol component, not soluble in water, poorly soluble in bile, precipitation of biliary salts in biliary cholesterol supersaturation, risk factors are female, fat, fair, forty, fertile, family. Modifying bile composition, drugs dissolve gallstones prevent precipitation and favor dissolving. Pharmacological/surgical treatment prevent complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ursodeoxycholic acid

A

Replaces endogenous biliary acids (hydrophobic) with hydrophilic and nontoxic ones, suppresses cholesterol secretion and inhibits intestinal absorption of cholesterol, bile acids used gradually to dissolve small stones, no influence on calcium. INDICATIONS: biliary lithiasis with cholesterol (radiotransparent, small gallstones), primary biliary cholangitis (delated liver transplant). ADVERSE EFFECTS diarrhea, skin rash, CONTRAINDICATIONS cholecystitis, obstruction of biliary tract, biliary contraction disorder, pregnancy first trimester/;actating. At least 6 (to 24) months of treatment, success rate 60% after 6 months but resurrect is common, expensive and reserved for those unfit for surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bilichol

A

decrease endogenous production of cholesterol, prevents formation of gall stones, increases biliary flow and antispastic, inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, desaturates bile. I: biliary duct dyskinesia, cholecystitis, chlelythiasis; 1-2 camps. 3 times/day, before meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rowachol

A

almost like Bilichol, but only in cholelythiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Constipation

A

hard/dry stool in elderly, sedentary, pregnancy, hypothyroidism, (diverticulitis, colorectal cancer, hernia, hemorrhoids, anal fissues), neurological (Parkinson, multiple sclerosis, spinal lesion).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Drugs responsible for constipation

A

opioids, anticholinergics, tricyclic antidepressants, neuroleptics, antihistaminic, spasmolytics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Laxative administration

A

before initiation: rich fiber diet, 1,5 to 2L liquid, physical exercise, empty intestinal content before colonoscopy and surgical interventions, painful anal lesions, avoid vascular complications due to increased intra-abdominal pressure, food/drug intoxications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Result of laxatives

A

normal stool, usually after 8-12 hours, sometimes days, high doses have a purgative effect, only 5-10% absorbed from GI tract, locally through different mechanisms, forbidden in ileum, abdominal pain, without detected cause, acute intestinal diseases. Caution in pregnancy and lactation period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Purgatives

A

eliminate intestinal content through semisolid first then liquid stool with latency of 2-6 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Misuse/chronic administration of lazatives

A

dependence (reduced peristalsis), hydroelectric imbalance (hypokalemia, hyponatremia with secondary hypoaldosteronism) hypokalemia more sever with loop diuretics, thiazides, glucocoticoids, amphotericin b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bulk forming agents- fibers - plant based foods

A

methylcellulose, psyllium seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hyperosmotic agents

A

polyethylene glycol (peg macrogol), lactulose, magnesium or sodium salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Laxatives and Purgatives

A

bulk forming agents, hyper osmotic agents, stool softeners, stimulant agents, new laxatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stool softeners

A

docusate, mineral oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stimulant agents

A

Senna, bisacodyl, castor oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

New laxatives

A

prucaloprid, linaclotid, methynaltrexone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Methylcellulose, psyllium seeds

A

resist enzymatic digestion, work locally by absorbing water, swelling and increasing bulk of stool, stimulating peristalsis and defecation, latency 12-36 hours, I: constipation (main therapy), AE: abdominal cramps, flatulence (fermentation), risk of ileum (not enough liq) CI: intestinal atony, obstruction, immobility; no laxative dependence, may take a few days to act fully

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Polyethylene Glycol (Macrogol)

A

not absorbed, local osmotic pressure retains water in colon, laxative effect at low doses and purgative at high doses; I: chronic constipation (predictable effect, directly related to dose and adm. of electrolytes, long administration possible), before colonoscopy/intestinal surgery; AE: flatulence(rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lactulose

A

synthetic disaccharide (galactose +fructose) not absorbed, having laxative effect through osmosis, broken by colonic bacteria to lactic, acetic, and organic acids, decrease local pH, reduce ammonia absorption, beneficial effect in PT with liver disease (prevent encephalopathy); I: elderly, liver encephalopathy; AE: abdominal pain, flatulence, diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sodium/Magnesium sulphate

A

decrease viscosity of feces by inc. water content; I: rare (before radiology/surgery, though enema (30 min latency) or oral (2-5 hour latency), Sodium sulphate (Glauber salt) was used before as purgative in intoxication but not anymore due to adm of activated charcoal, see adverse effects and contraindications in lecture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Docusate, mineral oil

A

stool softeners, lubricate and soften stool by adding water and fats, risk of lipid aspiration pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Irritant purgative agents

A

irritant action increases accumulation of water and electrolytes in lumen of colon and enhances peristalsis by local reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Senna

A

irritant purgative, partially absorbed (risk of uterine contraction), passes in milk (diarrhea in baby), 8-10 hour latency, pro kinetic and secretory properties, laxative tea. I: constipation (second line, short adm.), AE: abdominal cramps (each dose), electrolyte imbalance, melanosis coli (reversible, no carcinoma risk), laxative dependence, dehydration, atony of bowel (chronic use), CI: pregnancy, lactation, obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Bisacodyl

A

6-8 hours (oral) and 30-60 minutes (suppository), small doses decreases water abs in intestine, large doses increases water absorption in intestine; I: constipation (surgery, myocardial infarction, stroke), hemorrhoids, anal tissues, before diagnostic procedures; AE: abdominal pain (each dose), electrolyte imbalance, bowel atony (adm more than 1o days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Castor Oil

A

riconoleic acid irritates small intestine mucosa, increasing peristalsis, latency 1-3 Hours, I:empty bower before surgery/diagnostic (not first choice); AE: bad taste, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hydroelectric imbalance; CI: obstruction, intoxication (increases absorption), pregnancy (uterine contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Prucaloprid

A

new laxative, 5ht4 antagonist with pro kinetic effect; I: women with chronic constipation who do not respond to conventional laxatives (or intolerance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Linaclotid

A

new laxative, agonist of guanitlcyclase C, stimulates intestinal secretion of water and chloride; I: irritable colon syndrome w/constipation, chronic constipation (small doses), well tolerated (no adv. effects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Methylnaltrexone

A

new laxative, peripheral opioid antagonist, without inhibiting central analgesia, advantage over Naltrexone; I: constipation caused by opioids (palliative tmt.) AE: intestinal perforation (increased in association with chemotherapy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Diarrhea

A

elimination of 3 or more semisolid/liquid stools per day, symptom, only treated if etiology isk know. Acute: self limiting read more

38
Q

Symptomatic antidiarrheal drugs

A

Opioids (Opium, morphine, loperamide), Antidiarrheal microorganisms (saccharomyces boulardii), mucoprotecting agents (diosmectite), anticholinergic drugs (atropine)

39
Q

Etiologic antidiarrheal drugs

A

Ciprofloxacin (C. jejune, Salmonella, shigella, v. cholerae), Metronidazole (C. difficile), Ampicillin (L. Monocytogenes), Vancomycin (S. aureus)

40
Q

Opioids

A

reduce peristalsis, increase sphincter tone by stimulating opiod receptors in bowel, elimination of toxins/infectious factors inhibited (strict ind.), CI in ulcerous colitis/enterocolitis caused by antibiotics

41
Q

Loperamide

A

opioid, well abs. oral, first hepatic passage with poor bioavailability, does not pass through BBB, no analgesic effect, no risk of dependence decrease in peristalsis allows absorptions of fluids and consolidation of stool. AE: constipation, CI: ileus, constipation, Children, diarrhea (w/fever/blood), ulcerous, pseudomembranous colitis.

42
Q

Opium tincture

A

opioid, I: ileostomy, colonostomy; AE: high risk of dependence, CI: intestinal occlusion/subocclusion, ulcerous colitis, toxic dilation of colon.

43
Q

Saccharomyces Boulardii

A

antidiarrheal microorganism, dried yeast, contains living microorganisms, forbidden with hot or cold drinks, bind to pathogenic bacteria (slows growth), decrease enterotoxic effects of E. coli and C. difficile, I: acute diarrhea, traveller’s diarrhea, AE: allergy, stool testing (false positive), CI: severe diarrhea, immunodepressed, children

44
Q

Diosmectite

A

mucus protecting agent, natural aluminosilicate that increases viscosity and quantity of mucus layer and neutralizes pathogens (virus, bacteria, biliary salt, chemical agent); I: acute diarrhea, irritable bowel, well tolerated, even in children

45
Q

Drugs for infl. bowel (ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s)

A

resolve acute episodes and prolong remissions, treatment also involves correction of any nutritional deficiency and surgery (complications)

46
Q

Corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory drugs, act by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandin and leukotriene, used systemically in severe acute attacks (prednisolone, hydrocortisone), locally (enema) for less severe acute attacks involving large bowel, maintenance therapy

47
Q

Azathioprine, ciclosporin

A

anti-inflammatory, used occasionally

48
Q

infliximab

A

anti-inflammatory, monoclonal antibody, inhibit action of inflammatory cytokine TNF-a, I: refractory Crohn’s, rheumatoid arthritis

49
Q

Aminosalicylates Classification

A

Sulfasalazine (complex of suphonamide, sulfapyridine, 5-ASA); Mesalazine (5-ASA), Olsalazine (two molecules of 5-ASA)

50
Q

Aminosalicylates

A

5-ASa is the active drug that blocks prostaglandins and leukotriene synthesis by inhibiting COX enzyme and lipooxygenase; I: ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, see adverse effects, can be adm orally, rectally, enema

51
Q

gastric ulcers

A

read in lecture

52
Q

Antiaggressive drugs - Antacids

A

Aluminium salts, magnesium salts, calcium salts, sodium salts

53
Q

Antisecretory drugs - Histamine receptor antagonists

A

Cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, roxatidine

54
Q

Antisecretory drugs - Proton pump inhibitors

A

Omeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole

55
Q

Antisecretory drugs - Anticholinergic drugs

A

pyrenzepine

56
Q

Antisecretory drugs - prostaglandin agonists

A

misoprostol

57
Q

Protective drugs - coating agents

A

bismuth salts, sucralfate

58
Q

Antihelicobacter pylori drugs - Antibiotics

A

amoxicillin, clarithromycin, tetracycline

59
Q

Anti H.pylori chemotherapeutics

A

metronidazole, tinidazole, furazolidone

60
Q

Anti H.pylori protective drugs

A

bismuth salts

61
Q

Anti H. Pylori antisecretory drugs

A

omeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole

62
Q

Antacids

63
Q

Aluminium and magnesium salts

A

aluminum compounds cause constipation, magnesium compounds cause diarrhea, toxicity can occur in patients with renal failure.

64
Q

Sodium bicarbonate

A

dyspepsia, not recommended because it can cause systemic alkalosis in large amounts

65
Q

histamine receptor agonists

66
Q

Cimetidine

67
Q

Ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine

A

No CNS effects, no inhibition of drug metabolism, no antiandrogenic effect

68
Q

Proton pump r

69
Q

pyrenzipine

70
Q

Misoprostol

71
Q

Coating agents

A

increase protection of mucosa, form protective coating over ulcer crater allowing healing underneath, stimulate local prostaglandin release

72
Q

Bismuth salts

A

only oral, minimum absorption and local effect, protection of mucosa, activity against H. Pylori, I: duodenal ulcer, GORD, diarrhea; AE: metallic taste, black stool, ecephalopathy

73
Q

Sucralfate

74
Q

Treatment against H pylori

75
Q

Antiemetic drugs - dopamine receptor antagonists - substituted benzamides

A

metoclopramide

76
Q

Antiemetic - dra - benzimidazol derivative

A

domperidon

77
Q

Antiemetic - dra - phenothiazines

A

prochroperazine, thiethylperazine

78
Q

Antiemetic - dra - butirophenone

A

droperidol, haloperidol

79
Q

Antiemetic - antihistamine H1

A

dimenhydrinat, hydroxyzine, meclisine, promethazine

80
Q

Antiemetic - anticholinergic drugs

A

scopalamine

81
Q

Antiemetic - 5ht3 receptor antagonists

A

granisetron,ondansetron,tropisetron,palonosetron

82
Q

Antiemetic - canabinoid

A

nabilone, dronabinol, cannbidiol

83
Q

Antiemetic - neurokinin 1 antagonists

A

aprepitant, fosaprepitant

84
Q

Metoclopramide

85
Q

Domperidon

A

similar to metoclopramide but less likely to cause extrapyramidal

86
Q

Prochlorperazine

87
Q

Droperidol

A

temporarily withdrawn from market in 2008 because of severe CV side effects (arrhythmia, cardiac arrest)

88
Q

Antihistamines H1

A

act on H1 receptors in vomiting center, weak anticholinergic and sedating effect; I: motion sickness, vestibular disease (inappropriate in elderly); AE: sedation, atropine effects

89
Q

Scopalamine

A

anticholinergic, act on vomiting center and GI tract directly; I: motion sickness, AE: dry mouth, confusion, fatigue, agitation, one patch applied to hairless area of skin behind ear 5-6 hours before travel, can prevent sickness for up to 3 days

90
Q

5HT3 receptor antagonists

A

block serotonin receptors in CNS and digestive; I: severe nausea and vomitting after chemotherapy, radiotherapy, postoperatively; AE: constipation, headache, in cases where other drugs ineffective

91
Q

Canabinoids

A

act on CB1 distributed through CNS and PNS, also in enterochromfinlike cells and vagus; I: control delayed chemotherapy - induced nausea and vomiting, superiority compared to DOPA antagonists

92
Q

Neurokinin 1 Antagonist

A

aprepitant is a selective human substance P and NK1 receptor antagonist that inhibits chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting centrally in chemoreceptor trigger zone, antidepressant, anxiolytic; I: prophylaxis of acute and delayed phases of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting; AE: loss of appetite, headache , administered together with glucocorticoid and a 5ht3 receptor antagonist,

Pharmacology Semester 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions