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Pharmacology Semester 2 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Antibacterial Agents

A

antibiotics (natural substances produced by certain groups of microorganisms), chemotherapeutic agents (chemically synthesized), semisynthetic antibiotics (part of molecule modified by chemist), synthetic antibiotics (some antimicrobial compounds, originally discovered as products of micro-organisms, synthesized entirely by chemical means) read mechanism of action

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2
Q

Ideal antibiotic

A

wide spectrum, nontoxic and no side effects, nonallergenic, doesn’t eliminate normal flora, should be able to reach point of infection, inexpensive, easy to produce, chemically stable, uncommon microbial resistance, read about penicillin

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3
Q

Betalactamines - Monobactams

A

Aztreonam

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4
Q

Betalactamines - Dibactams - Penicillins - Narrow Spectrum - B-lactamase sensitive

A

benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), phenozymethylpenicillin (penicillin V), procaine penicillin, benzathine penicillin

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5
Q

Betalactamines - Dibactams - Penicillins - Narrow spectrum - B-lactamase resistent

A

Methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillinm, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin

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6
Q

B lactamins - Penicillins - Moderate spectrum

A

Amoxicillin, ampicillin

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7
Q

B lactamines - Broad spectrum

A

Amoxiclav

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8
Q

B lactamines - Penicillins - extended spectrum

A

ticarcillin, mezlocillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin, azlocillin

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9
Q

Carbapeam & Penam (broadest spectrum B-lactam)

A

imipenem, faropenem, meropenem, doripenem,ertapenem

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10
Q

Cephalosporins (Cephams) First gen

A

moderate spectrum: cephalexin, cephalothin, cefazolin

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11
Q

Cephalosporin second gen

A

moderate specter with anti-Hemophilus activity: ceflacor, cefuroxime, cefamandole (moderate spectrum with anti-anaerobic): cefotetan, cefoxitin

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12
Q

Cephalosproin third gen

A

broad spectrum: ceftriaxone, cefotazime, cefpodoxime (broud spectrum with anti-pseudomonas), ceftazidime

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13
Q

Cephalosporin fourth gen

A

broad spectrum w enhanced activity against Gram positive and b lactase stability : cefepime, cefpirome

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14
Q

Cephalosporin fifth generation

A

broad spectrum with Gram neg and pos, including MRSA: ceftaroline

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15
Q

Tribactam

A

sanphetrinem

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16
Q

B lactase inhibitors

A

clavulanic acid, tazobactam, sulbactam

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17
Q

Read about

A

beta lactimases

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18
Q

Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)

A

dibactam, Spectrum: hem groupA strep, viridian’s strep, s. aureus, pneumococcus, meningococcus, Gram positive bacillus, spirochetes, read more

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19
Q

Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V)

A

spectrum similar to Penicillin G, for minor and medium infections, AE: cutaneous allergic reactions, doses are double compared to Penicillin G, adm orally one hour before meal, every 6 hours.

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20
Q

Procaine Penicillin

A

Spectrum similar to Penicillin G, high risk of allergies, single IM administration per day

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21
Q

Benzathine penicilline

A

Spectrum similar to penicillin G, I: hemolytic streptococcus, prophylaxis of rheumatic fever, syphilis, only IM never IV (risk of PE), not for children under 3

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22
Q

Methicillin

A

first drug from B-lactamase resistant penicillin group, not used anymore because it is nephrotoxic

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23
Q

Oxacillin

A

spectrum: staph which produce B lactamases, read more.

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24
Q

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin

A

read more

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25
Q

Ticarcillin

A

Spectrum: piocianic bacillus, proteus, serratia, administered parenterally

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26
Q

Mezlocillin

A

Spectrum: H. influenzae. E. coli, salmonella, proteus marabilis, enterococci, pneumococci; I: genito-urinary infections, biliary infections with Gram negative bacilli (in association with ahminoglycosides), adm. parenterally.

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27
Q

Azlocillin

A

first choice in severe infections with piocianic bacillus in association with an amino glycoside or Ciprofloxacin

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28
Q

Piperacillin

A

Spectrum: piocianic bacillus, b. fragilis, serratia, proteus, enterobacter; I: urinary, biliary, meningitis, adm parenterally

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29
Q

BLIS

A

read more

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30
Q

Imipenem

A

BLI, spectrum: very wide, all bacteria, beta lactase producing bacteria, penicillin resistant pneumococci, piocianic bacillus, penetrate bacterial wall, bind to PBPs, produce intense bactericidal effect, diffuse well in tissues, penetrate CSL, eliminated 90% by urine

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31
Q

Cephalosporins

A

read more

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32
Q

Monobactams

A

only one betalactam ring, spectrum: gram negative aerobes, highly affect piocianic bacteria, well concentrated in biles and tissues, eliminated by kidney, adm IV, IM

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33
Q

Tribactam

A

3 betalactam rings, only used in labs, spectrum: gram positive and negative aerobes, anaerobes (bactericidal), resistant to beta lactamases

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34
Q

Aminoglycosides - first gen

A

streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, spectinomycin

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35
Q

AGZ second gen

A

gentamicin, tobramycin

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36
Q

AGZ third gen

A

amikacin

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37
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

read more

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38
Q

Old macrocodes

A

Erythromycin, oleandomycin, josamycin, spiramycin

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39
Q

New macrolides

A

Roxithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin, azithromycin, rokithromycin

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40
Q

Sinergistine (macrolide)

A

pristinamycin, virginamycin

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41
Q

Macrolides

A

wide spectrum and good tissular diffusion, enter inside cells so efficient against intracellular germs (chlamydia, mycoplasma, legionella), low toxicity, can be used in pregnancy, children under 3, and in elderly with CRI, high half life they are adm twice or once daily with good compliance

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42
Q

Erythromycin

43
Q

Roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin

44
Q

Lincomycin and clindamycin

45
Q

Vancomycin

46
Q

Teicoplanin

47
Q

Cyclic polypeptides - Polimyxines

A

Spectrum: gram negative enterobacteria, act by irreversibly altering the bacteria’s cytoplasmic membrane; I: enteritis (oral, esp in children older than 2 and adults, systemic infections (parenterally))

48
Q

Broad spectrum antibiotics - Tetracyclines

A

Old tetracyclines: tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxitetracycline; New tetracyclines: doxycycline, minocycle. Read

49
Q

Chloramphenicol and Tiamphenicol

50
Q

1st gen Quinolones

A

nalidixic acid, pipemidic acid, oxolinic acid, cinoxacin

51
Q

2nd gen quinolones

A

ciprofloxacin, Oslofloxacin, lomefloxacin, pefloxacinm norfloxacin

52
Q

3rd gen quinolones

A

balofloxacin, levofloxacin, tosufloxacin

53
Q

4th gen quinolones

A

clinafloxacin, gemifloxacin

54
Q

nalidixic acid

55
Q

flouroquinolones

56
Q

Systemic action sulphamides

A

(meningitis, brucellosis, toxoplasma, infections with chlamydia) sulphadiazine, sulphamethazine

57
Q

Urinary action sulphamides

A

sulphizoxazol, sulphamethin, sulphaphenazol, sulphamethoxazol

58
Q

Intestinal action sulphamides

A

salazopirin

59
Q

Antimycobacterial action sulphamides

A

(leprosy), sulphone

60
Q

Antimalaric action sulphamides

61
Q

Long acting sulphamides

A

topical (burns, wounds) marfanil

62
Q

Trimethoprim plus sulphamethoxole

63
Q

Furazolidon

A

nitrofuran; not absorbed in intestine at therapeutical concentration; I: enteritis with enterobacteria, giardia, trichomonas

64
Q

Nitrofurantoin

A

nitrofuran, I: urinary infection caused by E Coli, proteus

65
Q

Metronidazole &

66
Q

Tuberculostatic drugs - First line

A

Isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, spectinomycin

67
Q

Tuberculostatic drugs - Second line

A

amikacin, aminosalicyclic acid, capreomycin, ciprofloxazin, clofazimine, cycloserine, ethionamide, ofloxacin, rifabutin

68
Q

Tuberculostatic medication

A

duration 6-24 months, need to associate with antibiotics against K. bacillus for efficient treatment

69
Q

Isoniazid

70
Q

Rifampicin

71
Q

Pyrazinamide

A

Spectrum: bactericidal on K. bacillus; I:pulmonary and extrapulomnary TB; CI: renal and hepatic insufficiency, pregnant women, nursing mothers; AE: hepatotoxicity, digestive intolerance, allergic reaxction fever photosensitivity, hyperuricemia

72
Q

Ethambutol

A

Spectrum: bacteriostatic on K. bacillus, good absorption (80%), diffuses well in tissues and in CSL poorly; I: pulmonary and expulmonary tuberculosis; CI: optic neuritis, AE read

73
Q

Antiviral drugs against Herpes, varicella-zoster, cytomegalovirus

A

acyclovir, idoxuridine, gancyclovir, foscarnet, vidarabine

74
Q

Antiviral drugs against influenza and respiratory syncytium

A

amantadine, rimantadine

75
Q

Antiviral drugs against HIV

A

zidovudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, lamivudine

76
Q

Broad spectrum antiviral agents

A

Ribavirine, interferons

77
Q

Acyclovir

78
Q

Gancyclovir

A

Spectrum: cytomegalovirus; I: infection esp in AIDS imm patients, ocular infections, colitis, pneumonia, encephalitis; AE: nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity

79
Q

Vidarabine

A

I: herpes infections (Acyclovir absent), chronic Hepatitis B

80
Q

Idoxuridine

A

I: cutaneous mucous herpetic lesions, keratoconjunctivitis

81
Q

Foscarnet

A

Spectrum: herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, used only in IV

82
Q

Amantadine

A

Spectrum: flu virus A, syncytial respiratory virus; I: flu in patients with high risk (elderly, AIDS, diabetes mellitus in first 48 h), Parkinson’s (stimulates dopaminergic receptors), CI: pregnancy, AE: neurotoxicity

83
Q

Zidovudine

84
Q

Ribavirine

A

Spectrum: DNA viruses (herpes virus type 1, 2), RNA viruses (myxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, arenoviruses, arboviruses)

85
Q

Interferons (INFS)

A

Inf alpha, beta, gamma, read

86
Q

Antifungal drugs - Ergosterol inhibitors - Azoles

A

Topical: clotrimazole, ketoconazole; Topical and systemic: fluconazole, Systemic: itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole

87
Q

Antifungal drugs - Ergosterol inhibitors - Polyenes

A

Topical: Nystatin, Systemic: Amphotericin B

88
Q

Antifungal Drugs -Ergosterol inhibitors - Allylamines

A

Topical and systemic: terbinafine

89
Q

Antifungal drugs - Echinocandins

A

capsofungin, micafungin , anidulafungin

90
Q

Antifungal drug

A

flucytosine, read more

91
Q

Antiparasitic drugs - Antihelminthic

A

Act upon intestinal nematodes : oxiuris, ascarides, ankilostoma, tricophals: mebendazole, pirvinium pamoate, thiabendazole, levamisole, piperazine; tissular nematodes : tenia solidum, trichinella spiralis : diethyl carbazine; with action upon cestodes: tenia saginata, hymenolepis nana nicosamide

92
Q

Antiamoebal drugs - Metronidazole

93
Q

Anticancer drugs acting upon DNA synthesis. - Antimetabolites

A

methotrexate, azathioprine, 5-flourouracil, cytarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, fludarabine

94
Q

Anticancer drugs which act upon preformed DNA - alkylating agents

A

cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, ifosfamide, busulfan, chlorambucil, procarbazine

95
Q

Anticancer drugs acting upon preformed DNA - antracyclines

A

doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorucin, bleomycin, idarubicin

96
Q

Anticancer drugs acting upon cellular mitosis - microtubule inhibitors

A

vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine

97
Q

Hormones and antagonists

A

tamoxifen, prednisone, dexametazone

98
Q

Action of anticancer

99
Q

Antimetabolites

A

act during S phase, interfere with availability of normal purine/pyrimidine nucleotide precursors by inhibiting synthesis or by competing with them in DNA or RNA synthesis

100
Q

Methotrexate

101
Q

Alkylating agents

102
Q

Antracyclines

103
Q

Microtubule inhibitors

104
Q

Tamoxifene (hormone)

Pharmacology Semester 2 (7 decks)

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