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Pharmacology Semester 2 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Antibacterial Agents

A

antibiotics (natural substances produced by certain groups of microorganisms), chemotherapeutic agents (chemically synthesized), semisynthetic antibiotics (part of molecule modified by chemist), synthetic antibiotics (some antimicrobial compounds, originally discovered as products of micro-organisms, synthesized entirely by chemical means) read mechanism of action

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2
Q

Ideal antibiotic

A

wide spectrum, nontoxic and no side effects, nonallergenic, doesn’t eliminate normal flora, should be able to reach point of infection, inexpensive, easy to produce, chemically stable, uncommon microbial resistance, read about penicillin

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3
Q

Betalactamines - Monobactams

A

Aztreonam

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4
Q

Betalactamines - Dibactams - Penicillins - Narrow Spectrum - B-lactamase sensitive

A

benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), phenozymethylpenicillin (penicillin V), procaine penicillin, benzathine penicillin

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5
Q

Betalactamines - Dibactams - Penicillins - Narrow spectrum - B-lactamase resistent

A

Methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillinm, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin

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6
Q

B lactamins - Penicillins - Moderate spectrum

A

Amoxicillin, ampicillin

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7
Q

B lactamines - Broad spectrum

A

Amoxiclav

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8
Q

B lactamines - Penicillins - extended spectrum

A

ticarcillin, mezlocillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin, azlocillin

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9
Q

Carbapeam & Penam (broadest spectrum B-lactam)

A

imipenem, faropenem, meropenem, doripenem,ertapenem

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10
Q

Cephalosporins (Cephams) First gen

A

moderate spectrum: cephalexin, cephalothin, cefazolin

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11
Q

Cephalosporin second gen

A

moderate specter with anti-Hemophilus activity: ceflacor, cefuroxime, cefamandole (moderate spectrum with anti-anaerobic): cefotetan, cefoxitin

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12
Q

Cephalosproin third gen

A

broad spectrum: ceftriaxone, cefotazime, cefpodoxime (broud spectrum with anti-pseudomonas), ceftazidime

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13
Q

Cephalosporin fourth gen

A

broad spectrum w enhanced activity against Gram positive and b lactase stability : cefepime, cefpirome

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14
Q

Cephalosporin fifth generation

A

broad spectrum with Gram neg and pos, including MRSA: ceftaroline

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15
Q

Tribactam

A

sanphetrinem

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16
Q

B lactase inhibitors

A

clavulanic acid, tazobactam, sulbactam

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17
Q

Read about

A

beta lactimases

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18
Q

Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)

A

dibactam, Spectrum: hem groupA strep, viridian’s strep, s. aureus, pneumococcus, meningococcus, Gram positive bacillus, spirochetes, read more

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19
Q

Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V)

A

spectrum similar to Penicillin G, for minor and medium infections, AE: cutaneous allergic reactions, doses are double compared to Penicillin G, adm orally one hour before meal, every 6 hours.

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20
Q

Procaine Penicillin

A

Spectrum similar to Penicillin G, high risk of allergies, single IM administration per day

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21
Q

Benzathine penicilline

A

Spectrum similar to penicillin G, I: hemolytic streptococcus, prophylaxis of rheumatic fever, syphilis, only IM never IV (risk of PE), not for children under 3

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22
Q

Methicillin

A

first drug from B-lactamase resistant penicillin group, not used anymore because it is nephrotoxic

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23
Q

Oxacillin

A

spectrum: staph which produce B lactamases, read more.

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24
Q

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin

A

read more

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25
Ticarcillin
Spectrum: piocianic bacillus, proteus, serratia, administered parenterally
26
Mezlocillin
Spectrum: H. influenzae. E. coli, salmonella, proteus marabilis, enterococci, pneumococci; I: genito-urinary infections, biliary infections with Gram negative bacilli (in association with ahminoglycosides), adm. parenterally.
27
Azlocillin
first choice in severe infections with piocianic bacillus in association with an amino glycoside or Ciprofloxacin
28
Piperacillin
Spectrum: piocianic bacillus, b. fragilis, serratia, proteus, enterobacter; I: urinary, biliary, meningitis, adm parenterally
29
BLIS
read more
30
Imipenem
BLI, spectrum: very wide, all bacteria, beta lactase producing bacteria, penicillin resistant pneumococci, piocianic bacillus, penetrate bacterial wall, bind to PBPs, produce intense bactericidal effect, diffuse well in tissues, penetrate CSL, eliminated 90% by urine
31
Cephalosporins
read more
32
Monobactams
only one betalactam ring, spectrum: gram negative aerobes, highly affect piocianic bacteria, well concentrated in biles and tissues, eliminated by kidney, adm IV, IM
33
Tribactam
3 betalactam rings, only used in labs, spectrum: gram positive and negative aerobes, anaerobes (bactericidal), resistant to beta lactamases
34
Aminoglycosides - first gen
streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, spectinomycin
35
AGZ second gen
gentamicin, tobramycin
36
AGZ third gen
amikacin
37
Aminoglycosides
read more
38
Old macrocodes
Erythromycin, oleandomycin, josamycin, spiramycin
39
New macrolides
Roxithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin, azithromycin, rokithromycin
40
Sinergistine (macrolide)
pristinamycin, virginamycin
41
Macrolides
wide spectrum and good tissular diffusion, enter inside cells so efficient against intracellular germs (chlamydia, mycoplasma, legionella), low toxicity, can be used in pregnancy, children under 3, and in elderly with CRI, high half life they are adm twice or once daily with good compliance
42
Erythromycin
read
43
Roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
read
44
Lincomycin and clindamycin
read
45
Vancomycin
read
46
Teicoplanin
read
47
Cyclic polypeptides - Polimyxines
Spectrum: gram negative enterobacteria, act by irreversibly altering the bacteria's cytoplasmic membrane; I: enteritis (oral, esp in children older than 2 and adults, systemic infections (parenterally))
48
Broad spectrum antibiotics - Tetracyclines
Old tetracyclines: tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxitetracycline; New tetracyclines: doxycycline, minocycle. Read
49
Chloramphenicol and Tiamphenicol
Read
50
1st gen Quinolones
nalidixic acid, pipemidic acid, oxolinic acid, cinoxacin
51
2nd gen quinolones
ciprofloxacin, Oslofloxacin, lomefloxacin, pefloxacinm norfloxacin
52
3rd gen quinolones
balofloxacin, levofloxacin, tosufloxacin
53
4th gen quinolones
clinafloxacin, gemifloxacin
54
nalidixic acid
read
55
flouroquinolones
read
56
Systemic action sulphamides
(meningitis, brucellosis, toxoplasma, infections with chlamydia) sulphadiazine, sulphamethazine
57
Urinary action sulphamides
sulphizoxazol, sulphamethin, sulphaphenazol, sulphamethoxazol
58
Intestinal action sulphamides
salazopirin
59
Antimycobacterial action sulphamides
(leprosy), sulphone
60
Antimalaric action sulphamides
fansidar
61
Long acting sulphamides
topical (burns, wounds) marfanil
62
Trimethoprim plus sulphamethoxole
Read
63
Furazolidon
nitrofuran; not absorbed in intestine at therapeutical concentration; I: enteritis with enterobacteria, giardia, trichomonas
64
Nitrofurantoin
nitrofuran, I: urinary infection caused by E Coli, proteus
65
Metronidazole &
read
66
Tuberculostatic drugs - First line
Isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, spectinomycin
67
Tuberculostatic drugs - Second line
amikacin, aminosalicyclic acid, capreomycin, ciprofloxazin, clofazimine, cycloserine, ethionamide, ofloxacin, rifabutin
68
Tuberculostatic medication
duration 6-24 months, need to associate with antibiotics against K. bacillus for efficient treatment
69
Isoniazid
Read
70
Rifampicin
read
71
Pyrazinamide
Spectrum: bactericidal on K. bacillus; I:pulmonary and extrapulomnary TB; CI: renal and hepatic insufficiency, pregnant women, nursing mothers; AE: hepatotoxicity, digestive intolerance, allergic reaxction fever photosensitivity, hyperuricemia
72
Ethambutol
Spectrum: bacteriostatic on K. bacillus, good absorption (80%), diffuses well in tissues and in CSL poorly; I: pulmonary and expulmonary tuberculosis; CI: optic neuritis, AE read
73
Antiviral drugs against Herpes, varicella-zoster, cytomegalovirus
acyclovir, idoxuridine, gancyclovir, foscarnet, vidarabine
74
Antiviral drugs against influenza and respiratory syncytium
amantadine, rimantadine
75
Antiviral drugs against HIV
zidovudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, lamivudine
76
Broad spectrum antiviral agents
Ribavirine, interferons
77
Acyclovir
read
78
Gancyclovir
Spectrum: cytomegalovirus; I: infection esp in AIDS imm patients, ocular infections, colitis, pneumonia, encephalitis; AE: nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity
79
Vidarabine
I: herpes infections (Acyclovir absent), chronic Hepatitis B
80
Idoxuridine
I: cutaneous mucous herpetic lesions, keratoconjunctivitis
81
Foscarnet
Spectrum: herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, used only in IV
82
Amantadine
Spectrum: flu virus A, syncytial respiratory virus; I: flu in patients with high risk (elderly, AIDS, diabetes mellitus in first 48 h), Parkinson's (stimulates dopaminergic receptors), CI: pregnancy, AE: neurotoxicity
83
Zidovudine
Read
84
Ribavirine
Spectrum: DNA viruses (herpes virus type 1, 2), RNA viruses (myxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, arenoviruses, arboviruses)
85
Interferons (INFS)
Inf alpha, beta, gamma, read
86
Antifungal drugs - Ergosterol inhibitors - Azoles
Topical: clotrimazole, ketoconazole; Topical and systemic: fluconazole, Systemic: itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole
87
Antifungal drugs - Ergosterol inhibitors - Polyenes
Topical: Nystatin, Systemic: Amphotericin B
88
Antifungal Drugs -Ergosterol inhibitors - Allylamines
Topical and systemic: terbinafine
89
Antifungal drugs - Echinocandins
capsofungin, micafungin , anidulafungin
90
Antifungal drug
flucytosine, read more
91
Antiparasitic drugs - Antihelminthic
Act upon intestinal nematodes : oxiuris, ascarides, ankilostoma, tricophals: mebendazole, pirvinium pamoate, thiabendazole, levamisole, piperazine; tissular nematodes : tenia solidum, trichinella spiralis : diethyl carbazine; with action upon cestodes: tenia saginata, hymenolepis nana nicosamide
92
Antiamoebal drugs - Metronidazole
read
93
Anticancer drugs acting upon DNA synthesis. - Antimetabolites
methotrexate, azathioprine, 5-flourouracil, cytarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, fludarabine
94
Anticancer drugs which act upon preformed DNA - alkylating agents
cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, ifosfamide, busulfan, chlorambucil, procarbazine
95
Anticancer drugs acting upon preformed DNA - antracyclines
doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorucin, bleomycin, idarubicin
96
Anticancer drugs acting upon cellular mitosis - microtubule inhibitors
vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine
97
Hormones and antagonists
tamoxifen, prednisone, dexametazone
98
Action of anticancer
read
99
Antimetabolites
act during S phase, interfere with availability of normal purine/pyrimidine nucleotide precursors by inhibiting synthesis or by competing with them in DNA or RNA synthesis
100
Methotrexate
read
101
Alkylating agents
read
102
Antracyclines
read
103
Microtubule inhibitors
read
104
Tamoxifene (hormone)
read

Pharmacology Semester 2 (7 decks)

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