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A&P 500 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mucosa layer of the GI tract?

A

The 3 layers of the mucosa are:

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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2
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

Sometimes the Serosa is called the visceral peritoneum because it forms a portion of the peritoneum.

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3
Q

Which layer of the G.I. tract comes into contact with the lumen?

A

The layer that comes into contact with the lumen is the mucosa.

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4
Q

What is the function of the mucosal layer of the GI tract?

A

The function of the mucosal layer of the G.I. tract is protection and secretion and absorption.

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5
Q

What parts of the Mucosa have non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and why?

A

The epithelium in the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus and the anal canal have non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium serves a protective function in these parts of the G.I. tract.

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6
Q

What parts of the mucosa have simple columnar epithelium and why?

A

The lower part of the esophagus,the small and large intestines, andthe stomach have simple columnar epithelium cells. The simple columnar epithelium cells have tight junctions between them that prevent leak leakage but still allows for secretion and absorption.

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7
Q

How often are epithelial cells in the mucosa sloughed off and replaced by new cells?

A

Every 5 to 7 days.

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8
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

The lamina propria is the second layer of the mucosal layer of the G.I. tract.
The Lamina propria is areolar connective tissue that contains blood and lymphatic vessels.

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9
Q

What is the function of the lamina propria?

A

The blood and lymphatic vessels of the lamina propria are what allow nutrients that are absorbed into the G.I. tract to travel to other areas of the body.

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10
Q

What is MALT?

A

MALT mucosa associated lymphatic tissue. The majority of the MALT cells are found in the lamina propria.

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11
Q

Where is MALT found?

A

Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue is present along the entire G.I. tract especially the tonsils, the small intestine, the appendix and the large intestine.

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12
Q

What is the first part of the mucosal layer of the G.I. tract?

A

The first part of the mucosal layer of the G.I. tract is the epithelium. The epithelium touches the food within the lumen and there are two types of epithelium throughout the G.I. tract.

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13
Q

What is the third part of the mucosal layer of the G.I. tract?

A

The third part of the Mucosa layer of the G.I. tract is that muscularis mucosae.

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14
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae?

A

The muscularis mucosa he is the third layer of the mucosal layer of the G.I. tract.
The muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of smooth muscle fibers that create small fold in the stomach and small intestine.

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15
Q

What is the second layer within the G.I. tract?

A

The second layer of the G.I. tract is the submucosa.

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16
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

The submucosa is the second layer of the G.I. tract. It contains areole or connective tissue do that binds to mucosa to the muscularis.

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17
Q

What is the submucosa layer made up of and what do you find there?

A

The submucosa layer contains many blood lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed food molecules. It is areolar or connective tissue. Within the submucosa there is a network of neurons known as the sub mucosal plexus.

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18
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?

A

The 4 layers of the GI tract are:

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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19
Q

What is that the muscularis?

A

The muscularis is the third layer of the G.I. tract.

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20
Q

What part of the muscularis is skeletal muscle and which part of the muscularis is smooth muscle?

A

The mouth, the pharynx,the superior and middle part of the esophagus, and the external anal sphincter contain skeletal muscle, the rest of the muscularis is comprised of smooth muscle.

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21
Q

Why is part of the muscularis made up of skeletal muscle?

A

The mouth the pharynx and the superior in middle part of the esophagus contains skeletal muscle to aid in voluntary swallowing. The external anal sphincter is comprised of skeletal muscle to allow for voluntary defecation.

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22
Q

What part of the muscularis is made up of smooth muscle?

A

The lower part of the esophagus, the stomach and the intestines are made up of smooth muscle. The smooth muscle in these parts has two sheets. one sheet of circular smooth muscle and one sheet of longitudinal smooth muscle.

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23
Q

What is the function of the 2 layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis layer of the G.I. tract?

A

The alternating contractions of the circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis layer of the G.I. tract serves to mix and propel food along its length.

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24
Q

What is the fourth layer of tissue in the G.I. tract?

A

The fourth layer of the G.I. tract is the Serosa.

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25
Q

What is the function of the serosa?

A

The Serosa is the level of tissue that is in contact with the most internal part of the body. The serosa surrounds parts of the G.I. tract that are suspended in the abdominopelvic cavity.

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26
Q

What part of the G.I. tract lacks serosa and what does it have instead?

A

The esophagus lacks Serosa, instead it has a single layer of areole or connective tissue called adventitia.

27
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

The enteric nervous system is the nervous system of the gut. It is regulated by the neutrons of the ANS- autonomic nervous system. It consists of about 100 million neurons that extend from the esophagus to the anus and is arranged into 2 plexuses.

28
Q

What are the names of the 2 divisions of the ENS?

A

The myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus.

29
Q

What is the plexus of Auerbach?

A

The plexus of Auerbach is the myenteric plexus.

30
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located?

A

The myenteric plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscles within the Muscularis layer of the GI tract.

31
Q

What does the myenteric plexus do?

A

The motor neurons of the myenteric plexus supply the smooth muscle layer, this controls the frequency and strength of contractions of the GI tract which creates the motility.

32
Q

What is the plexus of Meissner?

A

The plexus of Meissner is the submucosal plexus.

33
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus?

A

The submucosal plexus is located within the submucosal layer of he GI tract.

34
Q

What does the submucosal plexus do?

A

The submucosal plexus controls the secretions of the GI tract.

35
Q

Wha type of nerve fibres are found in the submucosal plexus?

A

The submucosal plexus consists of motor neurons, interneurons and sensory neurons.

36
Q

What connects the 2 plexuses?

A

The myenteric and submucosal plexuses are connected by interneurons.

37
Q

Which neurons supply mucosal epithelium?

A

The sensory neurons of the ENS supply the mucosal epithelium.

38
Q

What are chemoreceptors in the GI tract?

A

Chemoreceptors in the GI tract are sensory neurons that are activated by certain chemicals in the food within the lumen.

39
Q

What are stretch receptors in the GI tract?

A

Stretch receptors int he GI tract are activated when food stretched the walls of the GI tract.

40
Q

In the GI tract, what does the vagus nerve do?

A

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve x) supplies parasympathetic fibres to most parts of the GI tract except the last half of the large intestine.

41
Q

Where do the parasympathetic fibres that supply the last half of the large intestine come from?

A

The sacral spinal cord supplies the last half of the large intestine with parasympathetic fibres.

42
Q

Increased stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves that stimulate the GI tract causes what?

A

Increased stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves that stimulate the GI tract cause an increase
in GI secretion.

43
Q

Increased stimulation of the sympathetic nerves fibres in the GI tract causes what?

A

Increased stimulation of the sympathetic nerves fibres in the GI tract causes a decrease in GI secretions.

44
Q

Where does sympathetic nerve supply to the GI tract come from?

A

Sympathetic nerve supply to the GI tract comes from the thoracic and upper lumbar region of the spinal cord.

45
Q

What is a gastrointestinal pathway?

A

The sensory neurons in the GI tract that act as chemo and stretch receptors send information to the ENS, CNS or ANS and they will activate or inhibit secretion and motility accordingly.

46
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane in the body. It can be divided into the parietal and visceral peritoneum.

47
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

The parietal peritoneum is part of the peritoneum and it lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity.

48
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

The visceral peritoneum is the part of the peritoneum that covers some of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and acts as Serosa.

49
Q

What is the slim space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum called?

A

The slim space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum called the peritoneal cavity and is filled with serous fluid.

50
Q

What is ascites?

A

Ascites is an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

51
Q

Which organs are considered retro peritoneal?

A

The kidneys, the ascending and descending colons of the large intestine, the duodenum of the small intestine and the pancreas are retro peritoneal. That is the peritoneum only covers their anterior surface.

52
Q

How many major folds does the peritoneum have and what are they?

A

The peritoneum has 5 major folds, they are

  1. The greater omentum
  2. The falciform ligament
  3. The lesser omentum
  4. The mesentery
  5. The mescolon
53
Q

What is the greater omentum? Which organs does it support?

A

The greater omentum is the largest peritoneum fold, it drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine like an apron. It folds back on itself creating 4 layers.

54
Q

What is the falciform ligament? What organs does it support?

A

The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the abdominal wall and the diaphragm.

55
Q

What is the lesser omentum? What organs does it support?

A

The lesser omentum is an anterior fold in the Serosa of the stomach. It suspends the stomach and the duodenum from the liver.

56
Q

What is the important function of the lesser omentum?

A

The lesser omentum is the pathway for blood vessels entering the liver and contains the hepatic portal vein, common hepatic artery and common bile duct along with some lymph nodes.

57
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

He mesentery is a fan shaped fold that binds the jejunum and ileum to posterior abdominal wall. It extends from the posterior abdominal wall and wraps around the small intestine and then returns to its origin forming a double layered structure. Between the 2 layers are blood and lymphatic vessels.

58
Q

What is the mescolon?

A

The mescolon is 2 separate folds that bind the transverse and sigmoid colons to the posterior abdominal wall. It contains blood and lymphatic vessels.

59
Q

What structures loosely hold the intestines in place?

A

The mesentery and the mescolon hold the intestines loosely in place. Movement along the GI tract is not restricted.

60
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid glands
  2. Submandibular glands
  3. Sublingual glands
61
Q

What does the saliva from the parotid glands consist of?

A

Very watery substance containing salivary amylase.

62
Q

What does the saliva from the submandibular glands consist of?

A

Amylase and mucous cells.

63
Q

What does the saliva from the sublingual glands consist of?

A

Mostly mucous and a small amount of amylase.

64
Q

What part of the nervous system is secretion of saliva controlled by?

A

Autonomic nervous system.

A&P 500 (2 decks)

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