Digestive 3 Flashcards
Digestive System and its functions including stages
• Ingestion • Digestion • Absorption • Defecation Digestive tract (alimentary canal) Gastrointestinal tract (GI) Accessory organs • Motility o Mixing and Propulsion Segmentation Peristalsis Migrating Motility Complex
Digestive tract/Alimentary canal/Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
Oral cavity→ Pharynx→ Esophagus→ Stomach→ Small intestine→ Large intestine
Accessory organs
Salivary glands→ Liver and Gallbladder→ Pancreas
Mucosa
Epithelium
Stratified squamous non-keratinized-Simple columnar with or without microvilli and goblet cells
Exocrine & Enteroendocrine cells
Lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)
Blood & Lymph vessels
MALT
Solitary lymphatic nodules and aggregated lymphatic nodules
Muscularis mucosae
(smooth muscle→ creates folds to increase surface area)
Submucosa (areolar connective tissue)
Blood, Lymphatic vessels and glands
Submucosal nerve plexus
Muscularis (mixing and propulsion of food)
Skeletal muscle (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and anal canal)
Smooth muscle
Myenteric nerve plexus
Serosa (visceral peritoneum)
Serosa (visceral peritoneum)
Mesothelium (areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium)
Adventitia→ covers esophagus, which is just a simple layer of areolar connective tissue
Muscles of Mastication and nerves that innervate them
Masseter & Temporalis (trigeminal)
Medial & Lateral Pterygoid (trigeminal)
Platysma & Digastric (facial)
Salivary Glands
intrinsic and extrinsic locations
Intrinsic salivary glands
Lingual- tongue
Labial- inside lips
Buccal- inside cheeks
Extrinsic salivary glands Parotid- anterior to earlobe
Submandibular- medial mandible
Sublingual- floor of mouth
Pharynx structures and tissue that surrounds it
- Nasopharynx (pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells)
- Oropharynx (stratified squamous non-keratinized)
- Laryngopharynx (stratified squamous non-keratinized)
Esophagus is posterior to the ? and anterior to the ?
posterior to trachea
anterior to vertebral column
and 10 inches long
Esophagus has two sphincters
- Upper esophageal sphincter
* Lower esophageal sphincter (gastroesophageal/cardiac)
Esophagus starts and ends at?
• Laryngopharynx(C6)→ stomach(T10)
Esophagus is made up of what kind of tissue
• Tissue (stratified squamous non-keratinized)
Esophageal hiatus (hiatus hernia) is?
opening in diaphragm in which the esophagus and vagus nerve pass
the stomach is located in the
• Left Upper Quadrant-J Shaped Organ
what connects the esophagus to the stomach
• Gastroesophageal sphincter (cardiac)
Lesser curvature is covered with the
Lesser omentum
Greater Curvature is covered with the
greater omentum
what type of epithelial issue is the stomach made up of
• (simple columnar with goblet cells)
Main cause of stomach ulcers is
• (Helicobacter pylori—H. pylori bacteria)
how long is the small intestine
• About 20 feet long- runs from pyloric sphincter → ileocecal valve
the Duodenum contains the
Pyloric sphincter
the ileum contains the
Ileocecal Valve
circular folds on the small intestine are known as
plicae circulares
Villi in the small intestine function as
the main structure for absorption
epithelial tissue in the small intestine is
called Microvilli or the brush border
The Lamina Propria in the small intestine contain
o MALT
Solitary lymphatic nodules
Peyer’s patches (aggregated lymphatic follicles)
Arteriole—Venule—Lacteal
submucosa in the small intestine contain
Lymphatic tissue
Duodenal glands (Brunner’s gland)
how long is the large intestine
• About 5 feet long-runs from ileocecal valve→ anal canal
where does the large intestine begin
starts at end of the ileum at the ileocecal valve at the Cecum
the appendix is located
in the right lower quadrant
the internal anal sphincter is what kind of muscle
smooth muscle
the external anal sphincter is what kind of muscle
skeletal muscle, anus
Food Pathway from start to finish
Oral cavity-Pharynx-Esophagus-Gastroesophgeal sphincter-Stomach-Pyloric sphincter-Duodenum (most digestion)-Jejunum (most absorption)-Ileum (most absorption)-Ileocecal valve-Cecum-Ascending colon-Right Hepatic flexure-Transverse colon-Left Splenic flexure-Descending colon-Sigmoid colon-Rectum-Anal canal
round ligament of the liver is also known as the
(ligamentum teres→ umbilical vein)
Porta hepatis of the liver is made up of
o Common hepatic duct
o Hepatic artery
o Hepatic portal vein
the Falciform ligament is
peritoneal fold
The gallbladder
storage site for bile
Bile canaliculi flow of bile
Bile canaliculi → Bile ductules → Bile ducts (right & left hepatic ducts)
Portal Triad is made up of
Bile duct
Branch of hepatic artery
Branch of hepatic portal vein
Stellate Reticuloendothelial Cell (Kupffer cell) is
macrophage, involved in phagocytosis of RBCs
Flow of Bile
Hepatocytes→ Bile Canaliculi→ Bile Ductules→
Right & Left Hepatic ducts-(feed into CHD)
Common Hepatic ducts- (combines with Cystic)
Cystic duct- (from gallbladder)
Common Bile duct- (Cystic & CHD)
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla→ Hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi—Bile & Pancreatic ducts, release into small intestine)
the pancreas is located
underneath the stomach
the pancreas has three parts called
Head, Body, Tail
Endocrine cells of the pancreas are
Endocrine cells→ Pancreatic Islets
Alpha→ Glucagon
Beta→ Insulin
Delta→ Somatostatin
Exocrine cells of the pancreas are
Exocrine cells → Pancreatic Acini→ Pancreatic Juice
Acinar cells→ amylase, lipase, proteases and nucleases
Duct cells→ bicarbonate
pancreatic duct joins the
bile duct st the hepatopancreatic ampulla
Pancreatic duct only secrets
pancreatic juice
