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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestion Test > Flashcards

Digestion Test Flashcards

1
Q

aliment-

A

food (alimentary canal)

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2
Q

chym-

A

juice (chyme)

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3
Q

decidu-

A

falling off (deciduous teeth)

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4
Q

gastr-

A

stomach (gastric gland)

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5
Q

hepat-

A

liver (hepatic duct)

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6
Q

lingu-

A

tongue (lingual tonsils)

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7
Q

nutri-

A

nourish (nutrient)

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8
Q

peri-

A

around (peristalsis)

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9
Q

pyl-

A

gatekeeper (pyloric sphincter)

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10
Q

vill-

A

hairy (villi)

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11
Q

What is digestion?

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food and the absorption of the resulting nutrients by cells

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12
Q

define mechanical deigestion

A

breakdown larger pieces into smaller ones

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13
Q

define chemical digestion

A

breaks food into simpler chemicals

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14
Q

where does chemical digestion start?

A

in the mouth with saliva

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15
Q

while individual metabolism rates are different, how long does food take to pass through the alimentary canal?

A

normally 18-20 hours

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16
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

digestive system from mouth to anus with accessory organs which secrete substances into the canal

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17
Q

Name the parts of the alimentary canal.

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

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18
Q

Name the accessory organs associated with the alimentary canal.

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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19
Q

What is a general characteristic of the alimentary canal?

A

8 feet long

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20
Q

Describe the structure of the alimentary canal wall.

A

made up of 4 layers
(innermost) mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, and lastly the (outermost layer) serososa

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21
Q

Describe the mucosa or mucous membrane

A
  1. surface epithelium underlying connective tissue and small amount of smooth muscle form this layer
  2. in some regions it is folded with tiny projections that extend in the lumen of the digestive tube. This increases surface area for digestion.
  3. glands that secrete mucus and digestive enzymes and also protect underlying layers as it carries on secretion and absorption
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22
Q

Characterize the submucosa layer

A
  1. Made of considerable loose connective tissue as well as glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
  2. Its vessels nourish surrounding tissues and carry away absorbed materials
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23
Q

Characterize the muscular layer

A
  1. consists of two coats of smooth muscle tissue that produces movements of the tube
  2. circular inner fibers contract which cause the tubes diameter to decrease
  3. longitudinal outer fibers run the length of the tube and when they contract, the length of the tube shortens
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24
Q

Characterize the serosa or serous layer

A
  1. Outer epithelial layer with connective tissue underneath. This is visceral peritoneum
  2. Cells of the serosa protect underlying tissues and secrete serous fluid to moisten and lubricate the tube’s outer surface, reducing friction with other organs
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25
Q

The motor functions of the alimentary canal are of two basic types-

A

mixing movements and propelling movements

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26
Q

What is the mixing movement of the tube?

A

occurs when smooth muscles in small segments of the tube contract rhythmically

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27
Q

What are some examples of mixing movements?

A

stomach and segmentation (does not follow a set pattern) in the small intestine

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28
Q

What is the propelling movement of the tube?

A

wavelike motion called peristalsis. Ring of contraction occurs in the wall of the tube

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29
Q

What is mastication?

A

the action of when the mouth receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up solid particles into smaller pieces and mixing them with saliva

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30
Q

Cheeks and lips-

A

lipss contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors for temperature and texture of food

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31
Q

Tongue-

A

a. is covered by a mucus membrane
b. The lingual frenulum connects the midline of the tongue to the floor of the mouth
c. it is mostly skeletal muscle
d. mixes food particles and saliva
e. papillae on the surface provides friction for food and contains taste buds
f. posterior or root of the tongue is anchored to the hyoid bone and covered with lymphatic tissue called lingual tonsils

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32
Q

Palate-

A

forms in the roof of the oral cavity

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33
Q

Describe the hard palate

A

bony anterior part

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34
Q

Describe the soft palate

A

includes the uvula, palatine tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) made of lymphatic tissue to fight off infection

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35
Q

How many primary or deciduous teeth do we have?

A

20 total, 10 in each jaw

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36
Q

How many secondary or permanent teeth do we have?

A

32 total, 16 in each jaw

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37
Q

What are the 5 parts of teeth?

A
  1. crown
  2. root
  3. enamel
  4. dentim
  5. pulp cavity
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38
Q

Where is the crown?

A

projects beyond the gum

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39
Q

What is the root?

A

part under the gums

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40
Q

What is enamel?

A

part that covers the crown

41
Q

What is dentin?

A

bulk of the tooth, beneath enamel. Made of bone like substance, but harder

42
Q

What is the pulp cavity?

A

contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue

43
Q

What do salivary glands do?

A

secrete saliva

44
Q

What is the purpose of secreting saliva?

A

i. saliva moistens food, helps bind the particles, and begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates
ii. saliva is also a solvent, dissolving foods so that they can be tasted, and it helps cleanse the mouth and teeth

45
Q

What are the 2 types of secretory cells?

A

serous cells and mucus cells

46
Q

What do serous cells do?

A

Serous cells produce watery fluid with salivary amylase to split starch and glycogen into disaccharides

47
Q

What do mucous cells do?

A

Mucus cells secrete thick mucus to bind food particles and lubricate the food during swallowing

48
Q

What does the parasympathetic nerves have to do with this?

A

parasympathetic nerve impulses secrete watery saliva when you see, smell taste, or even think about appealing food

49
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands

50
Q

Describe the parotid glands

A

inferior to the ear, secrete clear watery fluid with amylase (break down carbohydrates)

51
Q

Describe the submandibular glands

A

located in the floor of the mouth along the jaw, secrete serous and mucus

52
Q

Describe the sublingual glands

A

located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue, secrete mucus

53
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

connects nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus

54
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A

passageway for air during breathing, auditory tubes connect pharynx with middle ears

55
Q

What is the function of the oropharynx?

A

passageway for food moving downward and air moving to and from nasal cavity

56
Q

What is the function of the laryngopharynx?

A

passageway to the esophagus

57
Q

What occurs in the first stage of swallowing?

A

food is chewed and mixed with saliva. Tongue rolls mixture into a bolus and forces it into the oropharynx

58
Q

What occurs in the second stage of swallowing?

A

food reaches oropharynx and stimulates swallowing reflex. A peristaltic wave of pharyngeal muscles forces food into the esophagus.

59
Q

What occurs during the third stage of swallowing?

A

swallowing inhibits breathing momentarily as food is transported from esophagus to stomach

60
Q

Describe the esophagus

A

straight collapsible tube about 25 cm long and it serves as a passageway from the pharynx to the stomach

61
Q

What is the location of the esophagus?

A

penetrates diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus opening

62
Q

What are scattered through the submucosa of the esophagus to moisten and lubricate the tubes inner lining

A

mucus glands

63
Q

What prevents regurgitation?

A

lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter at the entrance of the stomach

64
Q

Describe the stomach

A

a. J shaped, pouch like, holding 1 or more liters
b. thick folds (rugae) of mucosal and submucosal layers

65
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

mixes food with gastric acid, initiates protein digestion, limited absorption and digestion, moves food to small intestine

66
Q

What are the main parts of the stomach?

A

cardiac, fundus, body region, pyloric canal, pyloric sphincter

67
Q

What is the cardia?

A

small area near the esophageal opening where cardiac sphincter is

68
Q

What is the fundus?

A

storage area

69
Q

What is the body region?

A

main area

70
Q

What is the pyloric canal?

A

narrowing of pylorus as leads to small intestine

71
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

muscular valve that controls gastric emptying

72
Q

What is the opening of a gland to surface

A

gastric pit (located at the ends of tubular gastric glands)

73
Q

Where are gastric glands found?

A

in mucous membrane that is the inner lining of the stomach

74
Q

What are the 3 types of secretory cells whose collective secretions make up gastric juice?

A

mucous cells, chief cells, and partial cells

75
Q

Characterize mucous cells

A

neck of the glands, near pit of stomach, give mucous

76
Q

Characterize chief cells

A

deeper in the glands, secrete digestive enzymes

77
Q

Characterize parietal cells

A

deeper in the glands, secrete a solution containing hydrochloric acid

78
Q

What is the most important digestive enzyme?

A

pepsin

79
Q

How is pepsin made?

A

by pepsinogen reacting with hydrochloric acid

80
Q

What does pepsin do and where is it most active?

A

digest nearly all proteins down into polypeptides and it is most active in acidic conditions

81
Q

What prevents the stomach from dissolving itself?

A

The inner lining of the stomach is coated by alkaline mucus secreted by mucous cells

82
Q

What is secreted by parietal cells and helps the intestine absorb vitamin B12

A

intrinsic factor

83
Q

Is gastric juice produced continually?

A

yes, but the rate varies

84
Q

How is gastric juice secretion controlled?

A

It is controlled neurally and hormonally

85
Q

How is gastric juice secretion inhibited?

A

As food enters the small intestine, acid triggers sympathetic nerves to inhibit gastric juice secretion. Simultaneously, proteins and fats in this region trigger release of the peptide hormone, cholecystokinin, which acts to decrease gastric motility

85
Q

describe the process of when we experience food from our senses and what happens with gastric juice secretion

A

taste, smell, sight of food, or food entering the stomach causes a message to be sent from vagus nerves which stimulate the release of acetylcholine from nerve endings which causes gastric glands to secrete gastric juice which stimulate the stomach to release peptide hormone gastrin and this stimulates glands to release more gastric juice

86
Q

What all does the stomach absorb?

A

The stomach absorbs small volumes of water and certain salts and some lipid soluble drugs

87
Q

Where is alcohol absorbed?

A

stomach and small intestine

88
Q

What is chyme?

A

mix of food and gastric juice in the stomach

89
Q

As food moves to the small intestine, liquids move more quickly than solids. What moves the slowest and quickest?

A

fats or lipids move the slowest taking 3-6 hours, proteins are faster, and carbohydrates move the quickest

90
Q

What happens with accessory organs when food enters the duodenum of the small intestine?

A

secretions come from the accessory organs-pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

91
Q

Describe the structure of the pancreas.

A

pancreatic acinar cells make up the bulk of the pancreas and secrete pancreatic juice

92
Q

Where do both the pancreatic duct and the bile duct from the liver and gallbladder join

A

duodenum

93
Q
A
94
Q
A
94
Q
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95
Q
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96
Q
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Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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