Digestion Systen Flashcards
What is the purpose Digestion
1) Break down food
2) absorb nutrients into the circulatory system, for maintenance, growth, and repair
3) Eliminate waste
Ingestion
The intake of food
Digestion
The process in which food is broken down into small molecules to be absorbed, through mechanical and chemical processes
Absorption
Nutrients are absorbed into our circulatory system (bloodstream)
Elimination
The removal of indigestible substances and waste
Alimentary canal
A long open tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. Food is broken down as it moves down
Mechanical digestion
An physical actions used to break down food (teeth, beck, contractions)
Chemical digestion
The action were food will react with body substances like enzymes to break food down small enough to be absorbed into
What is the digestion system
The digestive system is the digestive tract and accessory organs working together to break down food small molecule to be absorbed which is distributed throughout the body where needed for growth, maintenance, repair
Small intestine measurements
6 meters long with a 2.5 cm diameter
Large intestine measurements
1.5 meters long with a 5 cm diameter
The mouth
1) Salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, and submandibular) produce saliva which contains enzymes amylase, which break down starch into simple sugars
2) both our tongue and teeth mechanically break down the food into a bolus
The esophagus
- Once the bolus is swallowed, wave like contractions called peristalsis, move the bolus down.
- the esophagus is kept moist by mocus
- upon swallowing the epiglottis closes to prevent food from entering our lungs
The three salivary glands
1) parotid
2) sublingual
3) submandibular
Stomach
- bolus enters the stomach through the esophageal sphincter, which opens and closes to prevent gastric juices from entering the esophagus
- The bolus will trigger gastric juices which contains salt, water, hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus
- mucus protects the stomach from its acid. Also, enzymes pepsin is produced, which remains inactive until acid is present, which also protects the stomach
- three layers of muscle fibres contract and relax to further breakdown food particles
- the bolus is reduced to chyme (a thick liquid) which then exits the stomach through the pyloric sphincter, which acts the exact same way as the esophageal sphincter
Duodenum
Chyme enters the first part of the small intestine, where it primarily focuses on breaking it down further by releasing bile from the gallbladder which break it down through a process know as emulsification. And the pancreas releases enzymes such lipase, amylase, and trypsin to break down fat carbs and proteins. Overall this step breaks molecules down further to increase their surface area so absorption is more efficient
and enzymes from the pancreas, their a process called emulsification
Emulsification
Large fat molecules are broken down into smaller pieces to increase the surface area of them, which prepares them for lipase enzymes to break it down further to allow them to be absorbed my efficiently by microvilli
Pancreas enzymes
Lipase breaks down fats
Amylase breaks down carbohydrates
Trypsin breaks down proteins
Jejunum
Continues to breakdown and absorb nutrients (fats, proteins and carbohydrates) through microvilli
Ileum
As it passes through this section, remaining nutrients are absorbed, as well as vitamins (B12), minerals and bile salts (to be recycled)
Gallbladder
Stores and releases bile
Liver
Produces bile, which contains bile pigments and bile salts, which aid fat digestion
Pancreas
Produces 1L of fluids daily, which contains enzymes (lipase, amylase and trypsin) which break down fat, carbs, and proteins. Also, it has bicarbonate to raise the pH to help the enzyme be more efficient
Large intestine
*Water is absorbed
*Anaerobic bacteria continues to breakdown and produce vitamins that are absorbed
* chyme is pushed to the rectum through muscle contractions
* poo is made
Parts of the large intestine (colon)
1) Ascending colon
2) transverse colon
3) descending colon
4) sigmoid colon
Endoscopy
Tube with a camera, goes down your esophagus
Biopsy
A tube that’s inserted to collect a sample tissue
Colonoscopy
Similar to a endoscopy, but this one goes up through the rectum
Diarrhea
Causes more frequent visits to the washroom and feces loose their solidness
Heartburn
Backflow of gastric juice if the stomach up the esophagus, which causes a burning sensation within the chest area
Gas
The production of excess stomach or intestinal gas
Peptic ulcers
Weakened mocus linen, and HCl and pepsin enzymes causes sores within the stomach or duodenum
Inflammatory disease (crohn and ulcerative colitis)
Crohn’s disease: affect and inflame any part within the digestive tract
Ulcerative colitis: attacks the colon, caused loose and bloody fece
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis A
Caused by contaminated water
Vaccine to prevent
Curable
Hepatitis B
Caused by sexually interaction
Vaccine prevention
None curable
Hepatitis C
Infected blood contact
No vaccine
Curable
Cirrhosis
Non functional scar tissue of the of the liver
Caused include hepatitis C and alcohol
Gallstone
Cholesterol within the bile precipitates
Diabetes
Affects the body’s ability to regulate its blood sugar (glucose)
Type one
Insulin producing cells are destroyed by immune system (not enough insulin was produced) in the pancreas cannot be
Type two
The body doesn’t produce enough or becomes resistant to insulin
